美国绿色空间理论、实践及启示

本文介绍了绿色开敞空间概念,研究了美国城市公园系统、区域整体、绿道、自然风景、景观生态规划、大地景观、纽约城乡规划设想等重要理论,概述了其绿色空间发展历程,分析了美国自然风景园、公园运动、国家公园、开放空间规划、绿道等实践。最后,从自然风景名胜区体系、绿色空间区域生态化、绿色空间自然化、绿道网络化、园林创新、绿色开放系统等方面探讨了美国绿色空间理论与实践对我国的重要借鉴和启示。

GREENSPACE SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES: THEORY, PRACTICE AND ENLIGHTENMENT

Greenspace provides recreational and socializing opportunities for the public,serves as wildlife habitats,and functions as an essential for ecological construction and urban planning.There are mainly seven with regard to greenspace theory: 1) park system theory,which holds that national parks,urban parks and protected areas are the living necessaries for human,and systematic connection of parks benefits the functional optimization.2)holistic theory,which stresses that a city is an integrity of its surrounding space and a urban planning should take into account its regional greenspace.3)greenway theory,which places priority on the maintenance of the natural appearance of landscapes and service function.4) natural scenery theory,which advocates the protection of nature,closeness to nature,and equality of every corner in the earth.5) landscape ecological planning theory,which values the combination of natural resources and landscape planning,and a planning of regional natural protection and land utilization,and holds that ecology decided the landscape.6) earthscape theory,which views design with nature,and the nature to be the source of landscape architectures,and to establish a new landscape under the frame of farmland,vegetation and city in the earthscape range.7) New York urban-rural planning assumption,which allocates population and industry to small communities to form a concentrated urbanization and natural space. In addition,American greenspace practices liking nature parks,park movement,national parks,and open spaces revealed that the United States is of high awareness of greensapce and nature protection,and emphasizes the application of advanced theory to practice.Its biggest contribution is that parks have become the basic urban elements across the world,national parks have led to a worldwide conservation movement,and greenspace concept has become the criterion for ecological construction in the world.Finally,this paper discussed the implications of the United States greenspace in the context of China.