清季外官改制的“地方”困扰

民国以来，学界习惯用中央与地方的观念，讨论清季新政内外官改制及其引发的矛盾纠纷，忽略了督抚反复强调元代以来行省并非“地方”的申辩，且多不愿成为立宪政体下的“地方”官吏，以及清廷所颁政令中，直省始终未成为地方行政层级的事实。时人套用外来政体的中央与地方概念观照清代的部院与直省，不仅与清朝集历代王朝体制之大成的设制用意形似而实异，且对清季改制及民初省制造成很大困扰，亦长期制约后人对中国政治制度史的认识。这种观念体制上中西新旧不相凿枘的纠葛，折射了制度兴革与历史文化复杂而深刻的联系，也给未来中国的改革设置了难题。

Provincial Officals' Local Problem in the Qing Dynasty Local Civil Service Reforms

Since the Republic of China,academics have used the concepts of central and local governments to discuss reforms of the central and local civil service systems and the conflicts aroused by the reforms during the late Qing New Policies. These discussions have overlooked a number of issues: the repeated assertions by provincial governors and governors-general since the Yuan Dynasty that provinces were notlocalat all; the unwillingness of governors and governors-general to become local officialsunder a new con...