松烟和油烟的表面化学性质研究

作为制墨发展史中绝对主流的两种墨品松烟墨和油烟墨,其使用性能的差异往往和它们的物理结构和化学性质直接相关。因此有必要对制墨原料的物理和化学性质进行准确测定。为此,对其原料松烟和油烟的主要组成、颗粒结构和分散状态进行研究的基础上,联合采用Zeta电势测定、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温脱附与质谱联用(TPD-MS)、热重(TG)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)等不同表征方法,对两种烟料的表面化学性质进行了定性、定量分析。结果表明,松烟和油烟不仅在颗粒尺寸、石墨化程度、比表面等方面有所不同;更重要的是它们在表面电荷、表面基团的种类、分布、相对含量等方面也存在较大的差异。并进一步从黑度、色度、光泽、渗透、层次和稳定性等方面,讨论了松烟和油烟的物理和化学特性与用墨性能之间的关系。希望可以更好地明确制墨原料的物理化学性质,并进一步与制墨工艺、墨的品质相关联,从而指导制墨工艺的改进提高。研究结果可为制墨工艺、墨的使用、鉴别和保存提供科学的依据。

Characterization of pinewood soot and lamp soot in surface chemistry

Ink sticks derived from pinewood soot and lamp soot are the two most important Chinese types of ink sticks in the history of traditional ink-stick production. However, their performances in use are diffevent due to the respective physical and chemical properties of the two raw materials; therefore, it is necessary to conduct accurate determinations and analyses of the physical and chemical properties of pinewood soot and lamp soot. We systematically investigated the compositions, particle structures, dispersion states, and surface chemical properties of lamp and pinewood soot using Zeta potential measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD-MS), thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results show that pinewood soot and lamp soot not only differ in their particle sizes, degrees of graphitization and surface areas, etc., but also have large differences in their surface charges, and the types, distributions and relative contents of surface functional groups. Moreover, the relationships between the physical/chemical properties and their performances in use are discussed in terms of levels of blackness, color, gloss, permeation, layer distribution and stability. We hope that clearly defining the related physical and chemical properties and associating them with ink-stick production technology and the quality of the ink will enable us to improve traditional ink-stick production. The research results could provide a scientific basis for the making, using, identification and preservation of Chinese ink sticks.