荥阳小胡村墓地出土部分铜器的科学分析

小胡村墓地为殷墟晚期"舌"氏家族墓地,为探讨其出土铜器的腐蚀特征,揭示其所蕴含制作技术和相应考古学信息,从而为器物保护修复提供科学依据,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜及能谱仪对墓地出土12件铜器进行基体锈层结构和制作技术分析研究。研究表明,相较纯铜、铜锡和铜锡铅合金,铜铅合金耐腐蚀能力较弱,腐蚀严重;铜器经冷热加工处理易造成内部组织结构不均内应力残存,间接加速铜器腐蚀;12件铜器材质:纯铜2件、铜铅合金4件、铜锡合金3件和铜锡铅合金3件;仅2件兵器(刀M28:1、戈M38:1)经有意铸后热锻和冷加工,其余皆直接铸造成型。M21墓4件铜器皆为铜铅合金明器,小胡村墓地作为殷墟周边商文化系统,趋同商文化中心区,亦呈现部分中小贵族随葬铜器明器化现象。研究结果可为器物修复保护提供科学依据。

Scientific analysis of bronze wares unearthed from the Xiaohu-village cemetery in Xingyang

The Xiaohu-village cemetery was the family cemetery of the "She" clan of the late Shang Dynasty. We analyzed the rust layer structure and the manufacturing technology of 12 bronze objects unearthed from the cemetery, in order to explore their corrosion characteristics and unveil the archaeological information. These studies showed that pure copper, a Cu-Sn alloy and a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy had better corrosion resistance than did a Cu-Pb alloy. The 12 copper artifacts can be divided into four kinds:2 pure copper, 4 Cu-Pb alloy, 3 Cu-Sn alloy and 3 Cu-Pb-Sn alloy. Of these, 2 weapons (sword M28:1, dagger-axe M38:1) were processed after casting, while the others were made by cast molding only. All copper artifacts unearthed from tomb M21 were special funerary objects,suggesting that some small and middle nobles were buried with special funerary weapons and vessels in the Xiaohu-village cemetery. This phenomenon was similar to that seen in the central area of the Yinxu culture. The research results could provide a scientific basis for conservation and restoration of bronze wares.