美国社会组织与联合国人权规范的起源

二战爆发后,美国社会组织在对战争与和平问题的研究中提出依靠国际组织保障人权的规范构想。美国政府则并未重视人权议题,人权在敦巴顿橡树园会议上只处于边缘地位。社会组织在此后掀起大规模的游说活动,要求提高人权议题的地位,这使得美国政府考虑融合社会组织的人权规范构想与主权规范原则。旧金山会议上,美国说服其他大国接受其人权立场,极力否决拉美国家的人权提案,体现出美国借人权话语行使霸权的实质意图。最终出台的《联合国宪章》多处涉及人权,奠定了此后联合国人权规范的基础。但是,社会组织与美国政府围绕人权的争论凸显了宪章人权条款的复杂特征,这使得美国在此后联合国人权规范的发展中面临更多的挑战。

American Social Organizations and the Origin of United Nations Human Rights Norm

After the outbreak of World War II,in studying of war and peace,many American social organizations put forward the normative conception of internationalprotection of human rights.Nevertheless,The United States government did not give high priority to human rights,human rights were barely mentioned in the Dumbarton Proposal for international organizations.Since then,social organizations have launched massive lobbying campaigns to increase the weight of human rights issues,which led the US government to consider integrating the concept of human rights norms of social organizations with the principle of sovereignty norms.At the San Francisco Conference,American officials persuaded other big powers to accept its position on human rights,while at the same time pushed back against radical human rights proposals from Latin American countries.By taking these actions,American government tried to expand its hegemony in the name of human rights.In the end,the Charter of the United Nations refer to human rights several times,which laid foundation for United Nation human rights norms in later times.However,the controversy between social organizations and U.S.government highlighted the complexity of human rights clause in charter,which led to more challenges for U.S.in development of U.N.human rights norms in later years.