杜勒斯与美国的琉球政策(1950-1951)

如何处理琉球群岛,是美国战后对日和约中需要解决的主要问题之一。1950年4月,杜勒斯被杜鲁门总统任命为国务卿顾问,负责对日和约问题。当时,美国政府内部特别是军方和国务院之间对此存在争论和分歧。杜勒斯因应美国遏制共产主义发展的亚洲政策主要目标,与美国政府内部各方、美国各盟国、苏联、日本等折冲博弈,基本上界定了琉球政策的框架。为满足各方需求,杜勒斯创造了“剩余主权”这一全新概念,通过《旧金山和约》确保了在联合国托管的名义下,美国对北纬29度以南的琉球群岛进行排他性战略控制。同时,杜勒斯主导了《美日安保条约》《美澳新安全条约》《美菲共同防御条约》的形成,初步构建了美国在亚太地区以琉球群岛军事基地为核心的防卫体系。

John F.Dulles and the American Policy of the Ryukyu Islands(1950-1951)

The handling of the Ryukyu Islands is one of the major problems which need to be solved by the United States in the conclusion of the post-war peace treaty with Japan.In April 1950,President Truman appointed John F.Dulles as consultant to the Secretary of State for the issue of the peace treaty with Japan.At that time,there was controversy and disagreement within the U.S.government,especially between the military and the Department of State.In order to comply with the main goal of the Asia policy of the U.S.which was to contain the development of communism,Dulles negotiated with the internal parties of the United States,the allies of the U.S.,the Soviet Union,and Japan,which basically defined the framework of the American Ryukyu policy.For the purpose of meeting the needs of all parties,Dulles created a new concept of‘Residual Sovereignty’.Through Treaty of Peace with Japan,the United States ensured the exclusive strategic control of the Ryukyu Islands in the south of 29 degrees north latitude under the name of the United Nations Trusteeship.In the meanwhile,Dulles led the formation of Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan,Australia,New Zealand and the United States Pacific Security Treaty,and the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and Philippines,preliminary constructing the defense system of the United States in the Asian-Pacific region with the military bases in the Ryukyu Islands as the core.