冷战时期美国对埃塞俄比亚的政策演变——以卡格纽通讯站为中心的历史考察

冷战两极格局的形成促使美国把非洲之角纳入其大中东战略,并选择与埃塞俄比亚结为军事防御联盟,其中作为主要纽带的卡格纽通讯站就是两国关系的晴雨表。美国政府主要根据对该基地的战略需要程度决定对埃塞俄比亚军事援助的规模与速度。而埃塞俄比亚皇帝塞拉西以稳定政权统治及应对周边威胁为根本目标,将之视为向美国索取更多军事援助的筹码。随着美苏关系的缓和、卫星技术的突破以及迪戈加西亚军事基地的兴建,卡格纽通讯站的作用迅速下降,美埃(塞)关系处于崩溃边缘。然而,由于苏联大规模介入非洲之角以及埃塞俄比亚革命的爆发,美国转而强调埃(塞)的地缘战略意义,并在加速运送已承诺的军事援助基础上采取了观望政策。最终,门格斯图革命政权因意识形态以及急需大量武器以应对来自厄立特里亚和索马里的威胁,而选择了苏东集团,与美国的联盟关系随之破裂。

The Evolution of the American Policy towards Ethiopia during the Cold War:A Historical Investigation on the Kagnew Station

During the Cold War,forming an alliance among nations was a common international political phenomenon.The formation of the bipolar pattern prompted the United States to integrate the Horn of Africa into its strategy of the greater Middle East and choose to form a military defence alliance with Ethiopia.The Kagnew Station,as the main link,was the barometer of the relations between these two countries.The U.S.strategic needs for the Kagnew Station determined the scale and speed of military assistance to Ethiopia provided by the U.S.government.Selassie's fundamental goal was to stabilize his regime and deal with the threat from the neighbours of Ethiopia,which was considered the key chip for requiring more military assistance from the United States.With the détente of two Superpowers,the breakthrough of the satellite technology and the construction of Diego Garcia base,the role of the Kagnew Station declined rapidly,causing the U.S.-Ethiopian relations to approach the verge of collapse.However,due to the large-scale involvement of the Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa and the outbreak of the Ethiopian Revolution,the United States instead emphasized the geopolitical strategic significance of Ethiopia and adopted a‘wait and see’policy on the basis of the acceleration of the delivery of promised military assistance.In the end,the Mengistu's revolutionary regime decided to stand with the Soviet Bloc because of its ideology and urgent needs for a substantial number of weapons,and the alliance of the United States and Ethiopia broke down consequently.