清末民初贵州会党的角色转换及相关问题

贵州秘密会党起源于乾隆初年的啯噜。清末民初,贵州会党先后承担了三种不同的历史角色。首先是被自治学社与陆军小学所利用,从“反清复明”的旧式会党转变为初步接受资产阶级民主思想的革命组织,进而成为辛亥贵州光复的主力军;随后又为宪政派所利用,转而与自治学社为仇,从辛亥革命的功臣转变为颠覆辛亥果实的帮凶;最后又为宪政派以“会党乱黔”作为乞请滇军入黔的口实,从而沦落为政治斗争的牺牲品。三次角色的转换,既折射出清末民初贵州党争的惨烈,同时也暴露了秘密会党缺乏明确政治目标的致命弱点。

The Role-Changes of the Secret Societies in Guizhou and Other Related Questions at the End of the Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

At the end of the Qing dynasty and early Republic of China, the Secret Societies in Guizhou played three different historical roles. Firstly, used by the autonomous social group, they changed from primitive organization to revolutionary organization which initially embraced bourgeois-democratic ideology. Secondly, used by the constitutionalist party, they changed from the persons having rendered meritorious service to the 1911 revolution to the accessory of subverting that revolution. Finally, they sank into the victims of the political conflict. The three role-changes reflected the sharp party struggle and exposed the fatal weakness of the Secret Societies that lacked definite political purposes.