HF observations of the vertical structure of mid-latitude spread-Es |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Event and Economic Management, Shanghai Institute of Tourism, Shanghai, China;2. School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China;3. School of Business, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China;4. School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China;5. Shanghai Institute of Tourism, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China;1. University of Zurich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating for Travellers'' Health, Department of Public Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland;2. Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;3. Centre of Competence for Military and Disaster Medicine, Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport DDPS, Swiss Armed Forces, Armed Forces Staff, Medical Services, Worblentalstrasse 36, Ittigen, CH 3063, Switzerland;4. ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Travellers and Migrants, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | The Bribie Island HF radar array (27°S, 153° E) can be set up to make angle of arrival and Doppler shift measurements throughout the range of spread-Es, layers. Results of this experiment show that the range spread seen on ionograms is not due to multiple reflection with varying obliquity, but rather a genuine height spread exists. Where velocity measurements can be reliably made, reflector velocity appears to be a slowly varying function of height. Spread-Es, can be blanketing or non-blanketing, sequential or non-sequential and at first impression it seems that the chief difference between spread-Es, and normal Es, is a small scale, partially transparent structure in lower regions that allows higher regions to be observed. It is suggested that on occasion spread-Es, irregularities are further modulated by the passage of gravity waves. |
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