仙人好楼居:襄阳新出相轮陶楼与中国浮图祠类证

湖北襄阳东汉—三国蔡越墓出土的相轮陶楼,在建筑形制上为汉式陶楼和印度式相轮塔刹的结合,在装饰母题上同时兼有汉地神仙瑞兽与印度—犍陀罗式有翼天人的图像,明显带有佛教初传时期汉、印文化杂糅的特点。本文在讨论陶楼形制的过程中,分别联系同期北方墓葬中出土的陶楼明器和汉晋之际江南地区的佛饰堆塑重楼魂瓶进行类比分析,证明这两类墓葬明器都与文献记载的"浮图祠"相关联。在佛教初传汉地时,由"仙人好楼居"的汉式重楼过渡到高层佛塔,浮图祠是初期的标志,襄阳蔡越墓陶楼或可看作是浮图祠的标准器。浮图祠用作明器进入墓葬,反映了汉地民间埋葬方式因佛教传入而起的新变化,并在随后长江中游六朝砖墓的建造中留下了印记。

An Analogy Analysis of The Newly-Excavated Pottery Building Decorated with Xianglun(Xianglun Taolou) and The Hall of Buddha(Futu Ci) of China

The pottery building decorated with ’Xianglun’(Xianglun Taolou) unearthed archaeologically from the Caiyue tomb in Xiangyang city,Hubei province of China could be dated back to the period of the Three Kingdoms of the Eastern Han dynasty.Together with the carved Chinese immortals,auspicious beasts and the Indian devas and men as the motif,its structural feature integrating Chinese Han people’s pottery house and the Indian stupa presents the mixture of Sino-Indian cultures of the early stage when the Buddhism first came over to China.As for its structure,the author’s analogy analysis of the same-aged funeral pottery houses from North China and the excavated soul jar(Hun Ping) with molded decoration in the southern area along the Changjiang River in the Han and Jin dynasties suggests that the funeral wares of the two types are linked to the recorded Hall of Buddha(Futu Ci) that marks the Han-styled storey-building was initially developing in shape into the skyscraping Buddhastupa,among which was Caiyue pottery house constructed as the typical model for the Hall of Buddha(Futu Ci) in the early days of the Buddhism spreading into the area where the Han people lived.The hall of Buddha(Futu Ci) buried together with other funeral wares symbolizes the changes of the funeral customs for the Han inhabitants with the Buddhism coming into China.The buildings of the same design have been discovered in the brick tombs of the Six Dynasties lying in the middle areas along the Changjiang River.