Cosmopolitan translation and patriotic sensibilities in German garden art

ABSTRACT

My focus in this article is on a small group of German theorists, designers and patrons who thought extensively about the relationship between national identity and garden design: Christian Hirschfeld, Prince Franz von Anhalt-Dessau and his wife Luise, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Prince Pückler. These garden enthusiasts knew one another through personal contact or their writings, and they responded to and developed their ideas in relation to the newly framed creative enterprise in German lands of “garden-landscape-art”. What they shared was a conviction that garden forms affect feelings, with the role of the garden artist to determine paths that would alter and diversify the visitor’s experience of place. This essay explores how spontaneous emotions, elicited by movement through the garden, were linked with a growing sense of patriotism that contrasted with cosmopolitan judgments in the writings of Hirschfeld, Pückler, and Goethe.     

苏州古典园林旅游者空间意象特征分析

本文以苏州古典园林为案例,基于意象地图调查,探讨旅游者空间意象的基本要素构成、意象要素感知频率的空间分布特征及其形成机制。研究表明：（1）古典园林旅游者空间意象中共包含五个基本要素,五要素在总体样本中出现的频率基本均衡,在不同园林的样本之间有一定差异;（2）五要素均具有较高的可识别性,其中节点与边界要素的可识别性及可意象性最高,是遗产保护的核心要素;（3）五要素的感知频率在空间分布上呈现从景区核心向周边逐渐衰减的规律性特征,即“核心一边缘”空间模式,该模式的形成是旅游者行为特征与园林空间格局共同作用的结果。     

苏州狮子林《听雨楼法帖》考略

《听雨楼法帖》为清代云南人周于礼撰集,金陵穆文、宛陵刘宏智等人镌刻。第一卷为褚遂良、颜真卿、蔡襄三家;第二卷为苏洵、苏轼、苏辙父子;第三卷为黄庭坚;第四卷为米芾、赵孟頫。本文对各家书法风格及刻石流传作了简要阐述。     

元清两代北京万柳堂园林的变迁

万柳堂是北京古代著名的私家园林,元代廉希宪创始,清代冯溥沿用其名而异地另建,在当代北京地名中虽有遗迹可寻,但彼此地望相差甚远。本文辨析了元代万柳堂的所在地点以及清代多种有关文献存在的错误,讨论了两个万柳堂的环境特点、兴衰过程、历史影响及其人文意义。     

Red Foxes in the Filing Cabinet: Günter Tembrock's Image Collection and Media Use in Mid-Century Ethology**

This paper considers the epistemic career of visual media in ethology in the mid-20th century. Above all, ethologists claimed close contact with research animals and drew scientific evidence from these human-animal communities, particularly in public relations. However, if we look into the toolboxes of comparative behavioral biologists, it becomes evident that scientifically valid research results were primarily obtained by experimenting with model images. These visual specimens tell a technical story of the methodological requirements in behavioral science necessary to bridge everyday observations between the laboratory and the field. By neutralizing individual traces of animal bodies as well as their observers, they prompted the abstraction of ethological hypotheses. The case study of East-German biologist Günter Tembrock (1918–2011), who maintained his own collection of newspaper clippings, drawings, photographs, and films, offers a new perspective on the methodological development of this field. Furthermore, this article contributes to a scholarly discussion geared toward expanding the spaces of ethological research. My analysis of the image collections of the Forschungsstätte für Tierpsychologie presents the archive as a relevant site of study in the history of ethology.     

Commentary: New Directions in the History of Ethology

This welcome set of original and instructive papers illuminates and enriches the history of twentieth-century ethology in multiple ways. It adds a wealth of actors, animals, methods, and places to those featured in previous treatments of ethology's development. Some of the papers extend the chronology beyond the heyday of ethology's disciplinary construction to consider exciting developments in the 1970s and beyond. Others consider animal behavior research programs pursued contemporaneously with but independently of mainline ethology's development from the 1930s through the 1960s. Another paper takes us inside an ethologist's archive of visual images to examine the importance of such images (and such a setting) for ethological practice. Collectively, the papers provide new opportunities to contemplate how research programs and disciplines evolve; the relations between concepts, practices, and places; ethology and politics, and much more. At the same time, the individuality of the papers is conspicuous. They have not been constructed on the same model. The authors have followed their own approaches, corresponding to their own, respective interests. A short commentary is not sufficient to do justice to each of them. Rather than attempt to review them one by one, I will consider a pair of themes that may help relate the papers to each other and to the history of ethology: (1) the ongoing challenge of defining ethology and identifying who the ethologists were (or are); (2) the practices and places of animal behavior study.     

The Turtle Garden: Tan Kah Kee’s last spiritual world

Abstract

This paper explores the role of diasporic subjects in China’s heritage-making through a case study of the Turtle Garden built by Tan Kah Kee in Xiamen, China. Tan is the first person with Overseas Chinese background who built museums in the P.R. China and has been regarded as a symbol of Overseas Chinese patriotism. This paper argues that the Turtle Garden, conceptualised as a postcolonial ‘carnivalesque’ space, is more than a civic museum for public education. It reflects the owner’s highly complex and sometimes conflicting museum outlook embedded in his life experience as a migrant, his encounter with (British) colonialism in Malaya, and integrated with his desire and despair about the Chinese Communist Party’s nation-building project in the 1950s. Rather than a sign of devotion to the socialist motherland as simplistically depicted in China’s discourse, the garden symbolises Tan’s last ‘spiritual world’ where he simultaneously engaged with soul-searching as a returned Overseas Chinese and alternative diasporic imagining of Chinese identities and nation. It brings to light the value of heritage-making outside centralised heritage discourses, and offers an invaluable analytical lens to disentangle the contested and ever shifting relationship between diasporic subjects, cultural heritage and nation-(re)building in the Chinese context and beyond.     

A Way With Water — Water Resources and the Life of an 18th-Century Park

The park around Farnborough Hall, Warwickshire, contains sites and monuments from the early medieval period onwards. Many of these are to do with the use and management of water. This account, mainly based on these remains, tells the story of the changing ways in which water resources have been exploited. A detailed account of the development of the Georgian park under the aegis of two individuals — William Holbech, the landowner, and Sanderson Miller, a gentleman architect — looks at factors which influenced the design of the park, documents a number of surviving structures and examines some of the technical aspects of construction. A number of highly unusual features have been recorded, including a garden amphitheatre, a large raised pool and an elongated waterway which shares some characteristics with early river navigations. The consideration of the options available to both the workforce and the social elite who shared the park explores the divide between labour and leisure.     

从园林起源谈六朝时期的皇家宫苑及其它园林形式

从我国古代神话及有关文献记载中探索中国古典园林的起源,以及早期园林构景要素的基本形式,并由此追溯作为六朝都城－建康城中皇家园林及佛寺园林、私家园林形式,尤其对当时著名的皇家宫苑－华林园、乐游苑的建园与盛衰过程的考释作了一定的分析与阐释。     

清代皇家赐园与北大校园

今天北京大学校园里的旧日园林,是清代皇家园林系统中的重要组成部分。本文根据大量的档案史料,对校园内清代的鸣鹤园、镜春园、朗润园、淑春园、十笏园、弘雅园、佟氏园、苏大人园、蔚秀园、承泽园十园进行了全面的梳理和考订。