怎样写好《中国文学史》的一点建议——读宋人三大笔记有感

编写《中国文学史》,总爱用我们今天的文艺理论来评价古代的文学家与他们的作品,这当然是必要的,因为学术总得与时俱进。但阅读评论古代的作品,必须知其人,而知其人,又必须论及世。我们对那些特定的时代是否能有正确深入的了解,光靠泛泛而言的所谓时代背景介绍是不够的,因此通过宋人的记载与议论去感受那个时代的社会风尚以及领会当时的思想与眼光,这样。我们才能逐渐贴近那个时代,较为正确认识这些作家与作品,以及其时发生的种种事件。本文企图通过宋人三大笔记的相关记载与议论,谈谈北宋文学史的编写问题。     

Experimental characterization of the constitutive materials composing an old masonry vaulted tunnel of the Paris subway system

A significant proportion of the Paris metro tunnels comprise a masonry vault built out of stone blocks and mortar joints, and sidewalls and slabs made of unreinforced concrete. In order to provide the necessary data for future structural evaluation, an extensive laboratory testing programme has been conducted to characterize the materials of the tunnel separately, i.e., mortar, stone, and concrete. The tests, carried out on specimens taken from cores extracted from a 1930s tunnel, enabled to determine the mechanical properties, including direct tensile, shear strength, and mode I fracture energy, as well as the properties of the stone-mortar interface. Results show that the masonry mortar joints could reach 10 cm in width, and that blocks of stone varied in composition and porosity, thus producing a wide range of mechanical properties. The concrete was composed of large-sized aggregates and showed low stiffness and strength. Based on these experimental results, ratios between mechanical characteristics are hereby proposed. Perspectives on the use of this experimental data in a finite element model are then discussed.     

泥范法复原许公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件研究

因对“许公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件是先秦失蜡法工艺制作”这一论断存有质疑,故通过实验考古的手段,用泥范制作工艺对徐公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件进行了复原,实验证明用6块组合外范和1块芯范即可浇铸出此饰件．关键是要在芯范上设计出可让铜水流到透空纹饰处的通道,而正是这些通道使浇铸后的饰件上形成了连接把手和透空纹饰的铜梗,这些铜梗是铸造透空纹饰的技术产物。泥范铸造实验成功铸出了徐公宁透空蟠虺纹青铜饰件,且其具有原器物的工艺特征,从而也说明了此饰件乃泥范铸造工艺的产物。