Enclaves in tourism: producing and governing exclusive spaces for tourism

Abstract

Exclusively planned tourism destinations, such as all-inclusive resorts, gated resort communities, private cruise liner-owned islands and privatized beaches, have increased over the last few decades. Researchers have analyzed these kinds of tourism environments as enclaves, which are typically driven by external forces and actors, strongly supported by globalization and the current neoliberal market economy. Existing research shows that tourism enclaves are characterized by active border-making, power issues and material and/or symbolic separation from the surrounding socio-cultural realities, leading to weak linkages with host communities and the local economy. Tourism enclaves involve power inequalities, injustices and unsustainable practices that often have serious negative impacts on local socio-economic development. The articles of the special issue focus on tourism enclaves in different theoretical and geographical contexts and they contribute to our understanding of how these exclusive spaces are created and transformed and how they shape places and place identities. The individual research articles are contextualized and discussed with the key theoretical perspectives and empirical findings on tourism enclaves. Future research needs include analysis of linkages and flows of labor, goods, ideas and capital in different scales; policymaking, planning and regulations; environmental impacts; and locals’ land and resource access in the respect of bordering, privatization and land grabbing. By focusing on these topics, the tourism industry could be guided towards more responsible and sustainable development path.     

马克思的市民社会理论及其价值意蕴

马克思的市民社会理论内容非常丰富。弄清其语境下的市民社会概念及其市民社会与政治国家的关系,深究其理论的人性本质这一根本主线,才能达到克服市民社会的异化形式与实现人类的解放这一最终归宿。深刻领悟其理论的精神实质,对我国正在进行的经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、和谐社会建设即四位一体的中国特色社会主义现代化建设具有重大的理论价值与实践价值。     

从清代扬州务本堂看徽州盐商商儒价值观的内涵

对清代扬州两淮盐务组织务本堂的商业文化背景、乡土文化背景及其在两淮盐业经营中的作用进行探考,发现务本堂的设立不仅是徽州盐商顺应商品经济发展的一大举措,也标志着在特定时代背景下徽、州盐商价值观念的转变和突破,主要体现在对传统农商观的思辨,"利"、"义"契合的经营价值观的确立和业儒弘儒的人文精神的践行.     

西方国家移民聚居区研究进展及启示

西方国家对移民聚居区的研究可以追溯到20世纪初的美国“芝加哥学派”,随后经历了同化主义、多元主义、异质本地化和跨国主义研究思潮,不仅拥有丰富的实证研究成果,而且形成了较为完整的理论体系和研究框架。总体上看,对移民聚居区的研究,区位选择方面经历了中心城区到郊区的演变,空间类型包括族裔飞地、族裔社区和族裔郊区,移民聚居区经济经历了单个案例到不同案例的对比研究,形成机制方面从民族团结理论转向不同作用者和空间生产理论,此外,西方移民聚居区还加强了反作用和空间效应的研究。本文在评述西方移民聚居区研究的基础上,结合国内移民聚居区研究现状,提出中国相关研究在研究视角、研究问题和研究方法的借鉴之处。     

线条的困惑

线条之于中国画,最初的功能只是框定形状,勾画轮廓。随着绘画的发展,线条被赋予更多的功能和内涵,不仅要清晰展示出画家所描绘的物体,还要显示出某种意蕴和精神,以昭示人类的某些情感,甚至被分门别类,与各类意蕴一一对应。如此,又不免有生搬硬套之嫌。线条在书法里挥洒自如;而在绘画里,则或得颜色、章法之助倍受赞誉,或被名士名流赋予诸多诠释。于是,线条不胜困惑。     

湘西苗族巫傩文化的人神关系伦理意蕴探析

湘西苗族巫傩文化的人神关系伦理意蕴,主要表现在：既相信自己又相信神灵的宗教观念,娱人娱神、以人为上的宗教情感,仪式模拟“难题考验”的宗教活动三个方面,其中凸显了人的主体地位。     

Restructuring of Beijing's Social Space

Four China-, U.S.-, and UK-based senior specialists on the urban geography of Beijing team up to present the results of their investigation of the change in the city's social landscape on the basis of restricted subdistrict-level data covering the period from 1982 to 2000. Adopting a factor ecology approach, the authors seek to identify the extent to which factors that shape urban social landscapes in Western countries have played a role in Beijing during a period of economic transition (e.g., from administrative toward market allocation of housing). Similarly, they investigate the relative strength of processes of social differentiation vis-à-vis mixing accruing from the restructuring of Beijing's physical space (e.g., housing cost differentiation and accelerated in-migration that lead to the emergence of concentrated areas inhabited by migrants and/or minorities, and of relatively low density suburbs) revealed by the 2000 Census. The paper includes a section on developments since 2000, citing data (through 2006) on population, scarcity of affordable housing, traffic congestion, and industrial and residential relocation, relating in part to the forthcoming Olympic Games in 2008. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: I31, O15, O18, P20. 6 figures, 7 tables, 93 references.     

Evolving enclave urbanism in China and its socio-spatial implications: the case of Guangzhou

Enclave urbanism has deep historical roots in China, from the earliest forms of enclave residence, i.e. the walled city and courtyard housing, to the contemporary intricate mosaic of enclaves comprising danwei (work unit) compounds, gated commodity housing estates and migrant enclaves. Yet the evolution of enclave urbanism is not simply a convergence with Western urban forms, nor is it a process of historical succession or cultural inertia. The story of enclave urbanism is far more complicated. Exploring China's evolving urban enclaves and their socio-economic implications would add much richness and diversity to the international debates on enclave urbanism. The first half of the paper discusses the evolving processes and dynamics of China's enclave urbanism, with special reference to Guangzhou. The complex dynamics of China's enclave urbanism are evolving around various socio-economic, cultural, institutional and political forces, within which institutional arrangements for urban spatial organisation and social control are playing a fundamental role. To present a fuller picture of the plural socio-spatial connotations of China's enclave urbanism, the second half of the paper unpacks the heterogeneity of urban fabrics and examines how different social groups perceive and represent the social aspects of their lives. Featuring a high degree of heterogeneity within and between different types of neighbourhoods, enclave urbanism in China has entailed a complex relationship between urban form and social fabric. In addition, for various social groups, urban enclave living is endowed with very different social meanings. In gated commodity housing estates, enclave living is an expression of a safe, high-quality and privileged lifestyle. In urban villages, it is a compromise choice involving makeshift urban living resulting from suppressed rights to the city. And, in danwei compounds, it is a lingering lifestyle to which people used to be collectively assigned with no exercise of their own choice and from which they are now emotionally estranged.     

西方城市居住行为研究进展及其对中国的启示

改革开放40年以来,住房市场化转型使中国拥有了一个相对独特的住房制度环境,对城市空间结构、居民居住状况和民生福祉等各方面都产生了深远影响。中央政府明确强调需加快研究建立符合国情、适应市场规律的房地产基础性制度和长效机制,而这需要对城市居民微观居住行为进行深入研究。居住行为作为城市地理学的重要议题,近年来,相关研究虽不断涌现,但尚缺乏系统的理论梳理和实证研究总结。本文利用知识图谱可视化刻画了居住行为研究热点的演化,从居住迁移、住房产权获得、住房生涯三方面对西方相关研究进展和前沿进行评述,并进一步梳理了居住行为与城市空间的关系,以深化对城市居住空间分异机制的理解;在总结中西方差异的基础上,对中国现有实证研究进行了回顾;立足于中国国情和现有住房政策,分别从理论、内容、数据和方法三个方面对未来中国居住行为研究方向进行展望,旨在引起学术界对居住行为的关注,为推动中国居住行为研究理论构建、理解社会空间重构机制提供参考。     

巩固思想阵地 夯实执政基石——关于青海省藏区县级党校建设的调研与思考

县级党校事关基层政权稳固和当地经济社会发展的大局,青海藏区县级党校是党进行思想政治教育的阵地,更是党的执政地位的重要政治屏障,加强青海藏区县级党校建设有其必要性和紧迫性。本文从教师队伍、培训轮训、科研工作、办学条件、经费收支等方面分析青海藏区县级党校建设的现状及其存在的问题、面临的困境与挑战,指出青海藏区县级党校总体状况不容乐观,亟待加强。在此基础上,从强化领导、加强教师队伍建设、加大投入改善办学条件、完善功能、发挥咨询作用、扩大培训内容与规模等方面,就如何加强青海藏区县级党校建设提出具体的对策建议。