“FUTURE PAST”: TIME AND TELEOLOGY IN (ANCIENT) HISTORIOGRAPHY

The historian's account of the past is strongly shaped by the future of the events narrated. The telos, that is, the vantage point from which the past is envisaged, influences the selection of the material as well as its arrangement. Although the telos is past for historians and readers, it is future for historical agents. The term “future past,” coined by Reinhart Koselleck to highlight the fact that the future was seen differently before the Sattelzeit, also lends itself to capturing this asymmetry and elucidating its ramifications for the writing of history. The first part of the essay elaborates on the notion of “future past”: besides considering its significance and pitfalls, I offset it against the perspectivity of historical knowledge and the concept of narrative “closure” (I). Then the works of two ancient historians, Polybius and Sallust, serve as test cases that illustrate the intricacies of “future past.” Neither has received much credit for intellectual sophistication in scholarship, and yet the different narrative strategies Polybius and Sallust deploy reveal profound reflections on the temporal dynamics of writing history (II). Although the issue of “future past” is particularly pertinent to the strongly narrative historiography of antiquity, the controversy about the end of the Roman Republic demonstrates that it also applies to the works of modern historians (III). Finally, I will argue that “future past” alerts us to an aspect of how we relate to the past that is in danger of being obliterated in the current debate on “presence” and history. The past is present in customs, relics, and rituals, but the historiographical construction of the past is predicated on a complex hermeneutical operation that involves the choice of a telos. The concept of “future past” also differs from post‐structuralist theories through its emphasis on time. Retrospect calms the flow of time, but is unable to arrest it fully, as the openness of the past survives in the form of “future past” (IV).     

Proceedings Of The Fourth Annual Meeting Of The European Association For The History Of Psychiatry (Eahp), The European Club For The History Of Neurology (Echn), And The International Society For The History Of The History Of The Neurosciences (Ishn)

Abstract

Osphresiology, though beginning with Aristotle, and the title of a classical monograph from 1819 by Cloquet, has, like the human sense of smell itself, played a relatively modest role, compared to other sensory functions. The anatomical and physiological connections of the nose to the brain proved to be more complex than those of sight, hearing and even touch, and were therefore poorly understood before the second half of the 19th century. Moreover, the close association between smell and taste gave rise to much controversy regarding the respective roles of the first and the fifth cranial nerves. Next, came the unfolding of the evolutionary influence of cerebral structure and function ‐ viz Broca's “limbic”; concept, and the “olfactory desert”; in the brains of “anosmatic”; animals. Jackson's “uncinate”; seizures featuring olfactory hallucinations brought the hippocampal formation into focus. Finally, there were the clinical manifestations of hyposmia and hyperosmia, from “coryza”;, the common cold, to injury or neoplasms causing hyposmia, as well as some endocrine alterations causing hyperosmia. (And let us not forget Charles Huysman's “Against the Grain”; and Marcel Proust's evocative fragrant madeleine.)     

中日关系的回顾与展望

21世纪的中日两国存在着更直接的共同利益,作为发展中国家的大国中国和经济大国日本共为利益相关的东西邻国,这就是思考未来中日关系发展的出发点,无论从经济方面看,还是从政治方面看,“中国威胁论”都是不能成立的,在东亚一体化的过程中,中日两国责任重大,理应做出贡献,中日关系一定会发展得更好。     

1920年代以来国内外商业空间研究的回顾、比较和展望

主要采用文献研究、比较研究和动态研究方法,选取20世纪20年代以来国内外商业空间研究成果中的典型代表,通过时间纵断面上的梳理和空间横断面上的对比,总结出国内外商业空间研究包括商业空间结构和商业空间选择研究,依据研究时序和内容,划分了国内外商业空间研究阶段,得出国内外在研究范式、内容和成果等方面的异同。并对国内商业空间研究进行展望,提出商业空间对城市空间的影响、商业空间分异、商业郊区化和虚拟商业空间可以作为今后研究的重点领域。     

近百年来西方港口地理学研究回顾与展望

查询13种外文数据库和76种外文期刊,依据文献的引用次数和可得性,遴选了1914至2010年间的521篇国外港口地理文献,通过梳理近百年的相关文献发现,效率评估、空间竞争、体系演化、港城互动、组织管理等构成了港口地理学研究的主要内容。在此基础上文章采用文献分析法,重点剖析了国外港口地理研究在研究成果、学者合作、研究区域和研究主题等方面的特点和新倾向。文章最后指出,随着全球化的不断深入和港口环境的深度变化,海向腹地、港口价值链、物流资源整合等新的领域将成为国外港口地理研究的新近趋向和前沿领域。     

20世纪80年代以来我国区域旅游合作研究综述

本文对1980年以来我国有关区域旅游合作专题的研究进行了综述。其中,根据研究内容的相对一致性,将该项研究20年来的进展划分为起源、起步、发展、提升发展四个阶段,阐述了各阶段的研究特征;并对该项研究的主要研究内容从基本理论研究、热点问题研究、个案研究三个方面进行了综述。基本理论研究的综述主要涉及到区域、区域旅游、区域旅游合作机制、旅游区划的有关研究。热点问题研究的综述主要涉及"大旅游"的发展理念、旅游联合促销、区域旅游联合发展的空间组织形式的有关研究。个案研究的综述主要涉及上海的大旅游网络、武汉大旅游圈、环太湖旅游带旅游业的联合发展、澜沧江-湄公河次区域旅游合作、珠江三角洲共同旅游市场的建设等案例的有关研究;最后,本文对该项研究的发展趋向进行了展望。     

我国旅行社立法的回顾与前瞻

本文回顾了我国旅行社的立法历程,全面评价了1985年《旅行社管理暂行条例》和1996年《旅行社管理条例》在我国旅游业发展中发挥的重要作用,分析了2009年新颁布的《旅行社条例》较前两个法规在立法上取得的突破。本文在此基础上提出并讨论了今后我国旅行社立法工作中必须加以足够重视并妥善解决的三个方面问题。     

羽毛球技术发展的回顾与未来趋势

现代羽毛球运动发展已经有一百多年的历史了,羽毛球运动的技术从简单到复杂,从单一到全面,经历了开创期、发展期以及成熟期,现代羽毛球技术正在朝着快速、全面、特长突出的方向发展。     

The Retrospect and Prospect of Sixty Years’ Research about the Six Dynasties in the Mainland of China

Since the founding of the P.R.C. over 60 years ago, research on Six dynasties history in the Mainland of China has undergone many twists and turns: The first 17 years saw major steps forward, laying the foundation for progress to be made on Six dynasties historical research. During the period of the “The Great Cultural Revolution,” the research on Six dynasties came to a halt, with Reform and Opening-up heralding advances in terms of forming research bodies, academic activities, publications, the expansion of research fields, the opening-up of new ways of thinking among many others. Nevertheless, at the same time there existed gaps in the research, methodology, shoddy and rushed work, among other shortcomings.     

关于全国造船统筹的回顾与思考

建国之初 ,百废待兴 ,全国修、造船业没有统一规划、统一安排的矛盾还不突出。但 2 0世纪 60年代以后 ,问题逐渐尖锐、突出 ,为此 1 963年国家计委和李富春副总理分别在给中央的报告中涉及此问题 ,希望能统筹解决 ,但因报告中没有具体解决措施 ,造船统筹工作没有启动。后经历了六机部统筹时期、粟裕抓造船统筹时期、船舶总公司统筹时期和机电部统筹时期 ,各时期虽均取得一定的进展 ,但并没有真正解决根本问题。造船统筹滞后的原因主要是 :相关法律、法规不健全 ,没有能统揽全行业的有权威性的行政管理机构 ,缺乏航运和造船协调发展规划等 ,因而实施船舶工业的宏观管理 ,建立宏观调控体系非常必要