Computer programmes for the correction of matrix effects in the XRF analysis of glass,ceramics and related silicate systems

The quantitative analysis of glass, ceramics and related silicate systems by means of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is considered and problems arising from the selective absorption of X-rays in multi-element specimens are discussed. A computer programme written in FORTRAN and based upon a “semi-fundamental parameters” approach to the correction of matrix effects in glass and chemically similar materials is fully described. Model data are provided to enable the programme to be run and tested. An “empirical coefficients” computer programme for the quantitative analysis of silicate systems is outlined and the limitations of this type of programme are pointed out. The importance of adequate sample preparation prior to X-ray spectrometric analysis is stressed.     

敦煌壁画色卡数字成像色彩管理应用研究

敦煌壁画高保真数字化采集是其数字保护工作的重要基础。依据前期研究及自主研制的敦煌壁画色卡,对敦煌壁画高保真复制品数字采集工作中图像的色彩管理性能进行了研究,并与标准色卡Macbeth ColorChecker的色彩管理效果进行了主观对比评价。研究结果表明,相同拍摄条件下,自主研制的敦煌壁画色卡的色彩管理主观视觉评价结果优于标准色卡,且对于不同类型照明光源和不同偏色设定条件,自主研制的敦煌壁画色卡可以对偏色图像颜色进行有效校正。     

Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico (1822–1824): A Turning-Point in the Development of Adriatic Maritime Cartography

After almost five centuries of development in nautical charts depicting the Adriatic Sea, a systematic, complete hydrographic survey was carried out that resulted in the first modern nautical chart of the area. The survey, a coordinated operation undertaken jointly by Austrian, Neapolitan and British experts in 1818–1819, was the first scientific activity in the Adriatic region to be based on international cooperation. Until then, the gathering, processing and presentation of geographical data on Adriatic nautical charts were neither systematic nor institutionalized activities, so those charts could not serve as reliable, safe sources of different types of information for seafarers and others for whom spatial relations in coastal, island and sea regions were of primary importance. Given the quality and quantity of hydrographical and geographical content presented in the Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico (Coasting Chart of the Adriatic Sea), it immediately became an essential source of spatial information.     

短途旅游中心的引力范围研究——以南京市为例

短途旅游是我国目前很有发展潜力的一种旅游形式,为此,有必要建立短途旅游中心。此中心的引力范围可用心理距离与地理距离相结合来度量。从短途旅游者的角度来看,选择短途旅游的旅游目的地,主要受闲暇时间与经济条件的限制,因而,用游客从居住地到旅游目的地的往返途中所耗时间与在旅游目的地滞留时间之比,及短途旅游出行支出意愿二项定量指标,可动态地描述衡量短途旅游中心引力范围的距离尺度,并据此作出等值线图形式的引力范围图。最后分析了南京市作为短途旅游中心的大致引力范围、竞争对手的分布及潜在旅游者。     

Estimating age by tooth wear of prehistoric human remains in Brazilian archaeological sites

The occlusal surfaces of 298 permanent maxillary and mandibular molar teeth of prehistoric shellfish‐gatherer subjects from the Piaçaguera and Tenorio sites (4930 to 1875 BP), near the central‐northern coastline of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for classification of macro‐wear stages. Molar tooth wear is an indication of masticatory activity and can be used in the estimation of age at death. The examination of visual and schematic aspects of occlusal macro‐wear used a visual chart proposed by Brothwell, which includes the three superior and inferior, left and right, permanent molars. Three examiners performed the macroscopic observations twice under the same conditions. The resulting age estimates were compared with previous information of age estimated by skeletal examination. A reduced intra‐ and inter‐observer variation was observed; all re‐examinations indicated discrepancies of less than two years for the upper and lower limit of the age range estimates. The procedure was also considered consistent with the skeletal method used for age estimation of human remains excavated in Brazilian archaeological shell mounds, with a discrepancy of less than 8.22 years between the upper and lower limits of estimates by both methods. Age classification by the occlusal molar wear may be a useful tool for the classification of archaeological findings, mainly when only fragmentary skeletal remains are excavated. The current results indicate that the application of the Brothwell chart for Brazilian archaeological series presented satisfactory results of consistency, and its expanded use may represent a relevant adjunct for research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blunders,Errors and Entanglements: Scrutinizing the Cantino Planisphere with a Cartometric Eye

ABSTRACT

The results of a cartometric analysis of the early sixteenth-century Portuguese chart of the world known as the Cantino planisphere are presented and discussed. The focus is on errors affecting the geographic lines and the representation of the coastlines. The outputs of three types of analyses are considered: a quantitative assessment of scales (scales of latitude and scales of distance); a qualitative evaluation of the implicit grid of meridians and parallels underlying the representation; and an assessment of the accuracy of latitudes. From these, details were obtained about the chart's construction, some contradicting previous interpretations, which allowed connections to be established between the depiction of certain areas on the chart and contemporary voyages of exploration. It is concluded that the geometry of the Cantino planisphere is fully explained by the use of the cartographic methods of the Renaissance once the effect of magnetic declination is taken into account.     

汉唐地理志研究的新成果——评孔祥军《汉唐地理志考校》

孔祥军新著《汉唐地理志考校》,对汉唐正史地理志及唐宋地理总志进行校理,纠文本之讹,正史文之谬,辑失佚之地志,探史志之史源,考其断代,辨其书例。在对地理志文献研究基础之上,孔氏考汉代三辅称谓沿革,盐、铁官之分布,新莽改亭之通例,北魏政区之沿革,并对隋代关官、水道和唐代诸渠进行了辑录和考察。本书以文献考校和政区地理研究为主,广涉经济地理、交通地理、军事地理、佛教地理等诸多领域,重视学术传承和演变,善用图、表的方式来明晰思路脉络,为汉唐地理研究之佳作。     

自然保护区旅游高峰期时空分流导航管理的模型构建与分析

为了在一定程度上缓解生态旅游发展与保护生态环境的尖锐矛盾,必须而且可能实施旅游高峰期时空分流导航管理。本文讨论了最小Hamilton回路和最优旅行商问题的关系,分析如何将旅行商问题（TSP）转化为Hamilton回路问题,本文通过在TSP中引入虚拟点,使单旅行商问题转化为多旅行商问题（MTSP）,从而更合乎实际情况,并给出了它们的一般数学模型和精确求解方法。在此基础上构建优化的游览导航路径管理,在信息综合集成技术支持下,实现时空分流导航管理,能达到消除安全隐患,扩大旅游规模,保护生态环境的目的。本文虽然主要讨论的是利用旅行商问题来解决景区旅游的时空分流的管理问题,但事实上我们可以借鉴这种方法和思路,去解决交通运输、物流配送、车辆调度等的路线优化问题。     

Insularity, Sovereignty and Statehood: The Representation of Islands on Portolan Charts and The Construction of The Territorial State

This article investigates the cartographic origins of the idea that the territorial state is a unified, bounded, homogeneous and naturally occurring entity, in a world of equivalent but unique entities. It is noted that this image of the territorial state closely resembles the representation of islands on sixteenth‐century portolan charts, and this suggests a historical link between the Renaissance‐era imagination of islands and the modern imagination of states. The article posits that the concept of territorial unity and boundedness, which appeared on portolan charts to signify islands as obstacles amidst maritime routes of movement, migrated in the late sixteenth‐century to form the basis for representing the emergent concept of the territorial state. It is suggested that the conceptual and aesthetic links between these representations of islands and states has led to an ongoing dilemma for those who seek to comprehend (or cartographically represent) islands that are divided between multiple states.