Flexural Behavior of Typical Chinese Traditional Timber Stitching Beams

In Chinese traditional timber buildings, stitching is very common. When the bearing capacity or the rigidity is inadequate, a timber beam is often strengthened with another beam using the stitching method. The timber stitching beams are mainly of two types—the small-top/big-bottom type and the big-top/small-bottom type. To study the bending behavior of these two types of timber stitching beams, including the failure mode, the flexural capacity, the strain distribution at mid-span section, and the maximum deflection, bending tests are carried out on 14 timber stitching beams with Chinese traditional conformation for seven pine beams and seven fir beams. The results show that the failure modes of the small-top/big-bottom type of stitching beams all show brittle fractures at the bottoms of the bottom beams. The failure modes of the big-top/small-bottom type of stitching beams all show brittle fractures at the bottoms of the top beams. The distribution of section strain along the height of each part of the beam basically obeys plane hypothesis. Based on the theoretical and experimental analysis, the calculation formulas of flexural capacity and maximum deflection of these two types of timber stitching beams made of pine and fir are presented.     

山西省万荣县寿圣寺塔的多视角影像三维重建

为了制定山西省万荣县寿圣寺塔的保护规划方案,需制作具有真实纹理的三维模型,但砖塔等大型不可移动文物的三维重建难度很大,制作成本一直很高。为此,本研究运用无人机拍摄和地面拍摄多视角影像的技术,制作寿圣寺塔的三维模型,生成各个立面的正射影像图,量算砖塔的高度、宽度等尺寸数据,为这类文物的三维重建提供一种新的技术和方法。     

Computer programmes for the correction of matrix effects in the XRF analysis of glass,ceramics and related silicate systems

The quantitative analysis of glass, ceramics and related silicate systems by means of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is considered and problems arising from the selective absorption of X-rays in multi-element specimens are discussed. A computer programme written in FORTRAN and based upon a “semi-fundamental parameters” approach to the correction of matrix effects in glass and chemically similar materials is fully described. Model data are provided to enable the programme to be run and tested. An “empirical coefficients” computer programme for the quantitative analysis of silicate systems is outlined and the limitations of this type of programme are pointed out. The importance of adequate sample preparation prior to X-ray spectrometric analysis is stressed.     

深圳大鹏所城将军府第建筑群体特征分析

深圳大鹏所城较完整的保存了清晚期及民国时期的不同建筑群体,其中将军府第建筑具有很高的历史文化、科学艺术等多方面的价值。其建筑形制、结构、装饰装修方面颇具特点:1.平面结合紧凑,类型丰富,组合较灵活,结合了中原地区四合院落殿堂式结构的组合特色,也反映了岭南山地建筑特点;2.多采用密集、方形的平面和空间布局;3.厅堂与天井结合紧密,室内外连通,形成了外封闭、内开敞的建筑空间;4.具有多样的建筑梁架结构,集中了北方建筑的抬梁式构架、南方的穿斗式及岭南建筑常见的梁架做法,表现了南北建筑文化的大融合;5.外观朴实又有岭南地方特色的精细灵巧的内部装修。     

Tooth Wear Related to Marine Foraging,Agro‐Pastoralism and the Formative Transition on the Northern Chilean Coast

Occlusal surface wear scores were examined in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 bc–ad 500) skeletons from the lower Azapa Valley in northwest Chile. Wear rate and plane (angle) were additionally evaluated using a subsample of paired first and second mandibular molars. The Formative period represents the transition from marine foraging to agro‐pastoral dependence in the region, and differences in oral pathology indicate that diet varied by site location (coast vs valley interior) but not by archaeological phase (early vs late). We predicted that occlusal wear would demonstrate similar patterns, resulting from differences in food consistency, and therefore hypothesised that in coastal groups consuming greater quantities of foraged foods, occlusal surfaces should wear faster and exhibit flat molar wear, whereas among valley interior groups consuming greater quantities of agro‐pastoral products, these should wear slower but exhibit more angled molar wear. Heavier posterior tooth wear was identified among coastal residents, but rate and angle of molar occlusal attrition did not differ significantly by location. Heavier overall wear and a steeper molar wear plane were identified during the early phase indicating that food consistency varied somewhat over the course of the Formative period. Overall, the results indicate that, although limited differences in tooth wear exist by site location, wear varied more over time likely reflecting a gradual transition from foraging to agro‐pastoral dependence in the lower Azapa Valley. Although oral health indicators point to differences in dietary investment by location, maintenance of a mixed subsistence economy likely sustained a comparative consistency of foodstuffs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

敦煌壁画色卡数字成像色彩管理应用研究

敦煌壁画高保真数字化采集是其数字保护工作的重要基础。依据前期研究及自主研制的敦煌壁画色卡,对敦煌壁画高保真复制品数字采集工作中图像的色彩管理性能进行了研究,并与标准色卡Macbeth ColorChecker的色彩管理效果进行了主观对比评价。研究结果表明,相同拍摄条件下,自主研制的敦煌壁画色卡的色彩管理主观视觉评价结果优于标准色卡,且对于不同类型照明光源和不同偏色设定条件,自主研制的敦煌壁画色卡可以对偏色图像颜色进行有效校正。     

Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico (1822–1824): A Turning-Point in the Development of Adriatic Maritime Cartography

After almost five centuries of development in nautical charts depicting the Adriatic Sea, a systematic, complete hydrographic survey was carried out that resulted in the first modern nautical chart of the area. The survey, a coordinated operation undertaken jointly by Austrian, Neapolitan and British experts in 1818–1819, was the first scientific activity in the Adriatic region to be based on international cooperation. Until then, the gathering, processing and presentation of geographical data on Adriatic nautical charts were neither systematic nor institutionalized activities, so those charts could not serve as reliable, safe sources of different types of information for seafarers and others for whom spatial relations in coastal, island and sea regions were of primary importance. Given the quality and quantity of hydrographical and geographical content presented in the Carta di cabotaggio del Mare Adriatico (Coasting Chart of the Adriatic Sea), it immediately became an essential source of spatial information.     

短途旅游中心的引力范围研究——以南京市为例

短途旅游是我国目前很有发展潜力的一种旅游形式,为此,有必要建立短途旅游中心。此中心的引力范围可用心理距离与地理距离相结合来度量。从短途旅游者的角度来看,选择短途旅游的旅游目的地,主要受闲暇时间与经济条件的限制,因而,用游客从居住地到旅游目的地的往返途中所耗时间与在旅游目的地滞留时间之比,及短途旅游出行支出意愿二项定量指标,可动态地描述衡量短途旅游中心引力范围的距离尺度,并据此作出等值线图形式的引力范围图。最后分析了南京市作为短途旅游中心的大致引力范围、竞争对手的分布及潜在旅游者。     

Estimating age by tooth wear of prehistoric human remains in Brazilian archaeological sites

The occlusal surfaces of 298 permanent maxillary and mandibular molar teeth of prehistoric shellfish‐gatherer subjects from the Piaçaguera and Tenorio sites (4930 to 1875 BP), near the central‐northern coastline of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for classification of macro‐wear stages. Molar tooth wear is an indication of masticatory activity and can be used in the estimation of age at death. The examination of visual and schematic aspects of occlusal macro‐wear used a visual chart proposed by Brothwell, which includes the three superior and inferior, left and right, permanent molars. Three examiners performed the macroscopic observations twice under the same conditions. The resulting age estimates were compared with previous information of age estimated by skeletal examination. A reduced intra‐ and inter‐observer variation was observed; all re‐examinations indicated discrepancies of less than two years for the upper and lower limit of the age range estimates. The procedure was also considered consistent with the skeletal method used for age estimation of human remains excavated in Brazilian archaeological shell mounds, with a discrepancy of less than 8.22 years between the upper and lower limits of estimates by both methods. Age classification by the occlusal molar wear may be a useful tool for the classification of archaeological findings, mainly when only fragmentary skeletal remains are excavated. The current results indicate that the application of the Brothwell chart for Brazilian archaeological series presented satisfactory results of consistency, and its expanded use may represent a relevant adjunct for research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.