馆藏文物描述元数据方案探讨

信息社会中博物馆的知识传播职能从被动转向主动,博物馆采用信息技术管理藏品和相关数据,不仅要满足传统业务需求,也要面向网络环境中的使用者。在此过程中,文物藏品信息在互联网环境下的呈现,需要采用标准化的描述元数据方案和受控词汇描述文物的核心信息。该研究首先说明文物数据标准的定义与类型,阐述文物描述元数据的概念与作用,并对比CONA、CDWA Lite、Object ID和第一次全国可移动文物普查的描述元数据方案,说明元数据方案差异反映出的设计需求和结果差异;再进一步对比大英博物馆、大都会博物馆、北京故宫博物院、台北故宫博物院线上文物藏品检索方式,通过检视其检索结果的信息结构与内容,阐述合理的描述元数据方案能呈现丰富信息并导向精准检索。最后建议我国文物博物馆领域应完善文物数据标准,文博机构应制定规范化的文物描述元数据方案和配套实施的编目规则与本地受控词表;文博机构官网在线藏品检索系统应考虑用户需求,呈现完善的编目成果。     

关于旅游学几个基本理论问题的思考

从旅游学的理论构成和形成特点看,旅游学属交叉科学;从旅游学的作用和功能看,旅游学又是一门软科学。旅游学的研究对象是旅游系统,具有交叉性、综合性、系统性、群体性和实践性等特点。旅游学的学科体系可以有多种分类。若按学科划分的规范方法,旅游学可以划分为旅游基础理论和旅游应用理论两部分。     

装伦训诸和幽土文物的哭系

考古学是根据实物史料研究人类历史的学科,训诂学是面对传世文献的一门综合性研究学科。本文从考古和训诂两方面结合实例阐述了出土文物和训诂之间互为补充,互为验证,互为依存的关系。从而证明了充分利用出土文献来检验历代训诂工作的正误是一项意义深远的工作,以及掌握训诂学专业知识对考古工作者的重要性。     

THE SYNTAX OF OBJECTS AND THE REPRESENTATION OF HISTORY: SPEAKING OF SLAVERY IN NEW YORK

The representation of history continues to evolve in the domain of museum exhibitions. This evolution is informed in part by the creation of new display methods—many of which depart from the traditional conventions used to achieve the "museum effect"—in part by an increased attention to the museum-visitor relationship. In this context the ethical force of bearing witness, at times a crucial aspect of the museum experience, has emerged as a particularly compelling issue. In seeking to represent and address atrocity, injustice, and the abrogation of human rights, museums have the potential to become "sites of conscience" and to encourage "historical consciousness." Through a series of three exhibitions devoted to slavery, the New-York Historical Society demonstrated how such sites can be constructed and how objects can be deployed to represent extreme or "limit cases." In this review/essay I investigate and interrogate these exhibitions, looking closely at the use of objects as a source of "indirect testimony" (Marc Bloch) and at the "dialogical situation" (Paul Ricoeur) that might arise in an encounter among objects, exhibit narratives, and visitors. Thinking in terms of point of view, I look at the variety of rhetorical platforms from which objects speak in these exhibitions; thinking in terms of syntax, I look at the effects of ordering and of the radical juxtaposition of objects; thinking in terms of irony, I look at the provocations of double-voiced narratives and at how objects are used to support those historical sentences.     

高中思想政治课生活化教学初探

生活化教学是高中思想政治新课程所倡导的一种教学模式,通过实施生活化教学,使师生的课堂生活更加丰满,充盈学生生活经历,丰富学生情感体验,为学生的可持续发展奠定良好的基础。     

初中政治课探究式教学中的教师作用例谈

政治学科不同于自然科学,其探究问题的结论有政策倾向性。教师对探究问题所得出的结论的强调是其主导作用发挥的关键阶段,其作用至关重要。教师应注意升华问题,深层次地把握关键点。能否做到这一点,明显反映了一个教师进行探究式课堂教学角色发挥水平的高低。     

Comments on archaeology into the 1990s

This article focuses on the complexity of Early Bronze Age weapon depositions. While some of the deposited weapons have been disabled by intentional breakage, others seem to be more or less unused. A plausible explanation for the variability is that the surrender of lethal weapons to land or water was a means of coping with their power or agency – their individuality. We suggest that weapons, in their capacity as extensions of warriors’ bodies, may have substituted for humans in ritual depositions. The metalworkers also come into play, due to their capacities in the processes of making weapons and shaping weapon technologies. Although we consider the three depositions that we discuss to relate to rituals on the occasion of warfare, we are not aiming for a uniform explanation. In the same way as the patterned human behaviour of a ritual is a means of subsuming individual events into a greater order, so a focus on general patterns may subsume the complexity of the past by ignoring the many different events leading to, e.g., the deposition of metalwork. Far from seeing these perspectives as contradictory, we try to use three well-documented individual cases to shed light on the variability within the pattern.     

The poet becomes poem: The missing object and Petrarch's ends in the Canzoniere

This article considers the role of the object of desire in Petrarch's Canzoniere. Deconstructive and post-deconstructive readings tend to emphasize the fragmentation and instability of the subject position—specifically, the figure of the poet who is metamorphosing or falling apart. Other readings of the Canzoniere, especially by feminist and psychoanalytic critics, have reappraised the place and function of the beloved. One implication of these conflicting readings is to repolarize the object/subject distinction. Developing a line of inquiry that acknowledges both threads, this article looks at the several endings—the last poem in the cycle, the “Poem to the Virgin,” Petrarch's ending as a subject, and the form of the envoi—to explore a new view of the object's function within the process of subject formation.     

广富林遗址出土周代青铜器合金成分与金相分析

为了了解上海松江广富林遗址出土周代铜器合金配比和加工工艺特点,对18件该地区出土周代铜器进行检测分析。使用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和金相显微镜分析青铜样品的成分组成及金相显微组织并发现:样品中铅锡青铜器占绝大多数,器物含铅量普遍较高,且大多含少量砷;器物基本都是铸造成形,仅有少量实用工具、农具刃口进行过热锻等加工处理,以提高使用性能。结果反映了当时工匠对铸造合金配比和加工工艺的认知和技术水平,也体现了吴越地区独特的青铜技术体系与文化,能够为南方史前及先秦文化的发展脉络提供更多可供探讨的资料。     

向历史学特性的回归——历史认识论研究与当代中国史学的理论建设

80年代以来历史认识论研究兴起的学术背景、理论焦点及其思想的发展趋势值得关注。历史认识论研究对于改变传统的认识论观念,对于建立历史学自身的理论体系,对于当代中国史学的学科建设与范式变革具有重大的意义与价值。