Tourist motivations in relation to a battlefield: a case study of Kinmen

ABSTRACT

To assess tourist motivations at the battlefield site on Kinmen Island of Taiwan, an empirical investigation was conducted. From a convenience sample, we collected 437 effective responses of respondents including domestic and international tourists with different cultural background in Kinmen. The structure of motivation was first examined via factor analysis. Then ANOVA analysis was applied to address the influence from demographic aspects such as gender, age, and nationality. Our results show that personal, spiritual, experience, physical, and emotional perspectives are five major sources of motivations. More importantly, age and nationality are confirmed to be two major dimensions to segment tourists in the context of battlefield tourism. Tourists with older age have higher motivations toward the battlefield site in comparison with young tourists. In addition, tourists with different cultural background based on different nationalities are significantly motivated by various motivational factors. The example of Kinmen contributes theoretically to a better understanding of the motivational attributes in a battlefield site, and how they represent a basis for increasing tourist perceptions. The motivational mechanisms and factors explored in this case can be incorporated into marketing strategies. Additionally, our results also provide a viable basis for the tourism authorities concerned to reevaluate the essence of its tourism industry in the context of battlefield resources and attractions.     

Expectation,motivation, engagement and ownership: using student reflections in the conative and affective domains to enhance residential field courses

Residential field courses are important and should be designed and delivered to maximize their value to students, staff and institutions. In this context, we use a novel approach involving analysis of the daily affective and conative reflections of students immersed in the field course experience to better understand student engagement with fieldwork. We show that students base their field course choice on a range of factors (costs and benefits) and that these choices subsequently influence student expectations and motivation to engage with fieldwork. We also show that the motivation of students to engage with fieldwork-based learning varies from person to person and from day to day. Our findings suggest that having a more nuanced understanding of the decisions students make when deciding which field course to enrol upon would enhance our ability to design attractive, accessible and useful field courses; that having an awareness of the expectations of students around field courses would enable us to better prepare them to undertake them; and that students are more motivated when they are afforded an opportunity to work independently and perceive themselves to have ownership of their learning.     

国外旅游者行为研究述评

本文以三大国际旅游权威期刊为基本检索对象,对国外学者在旅游者行为方面的研究内容进行了较全面的梳理。文章从回顾研究历程入手,以时间为基本线索对研究内容进行了分类和评价,认为基于旅游者行为的影响因素研究、基于旅游者行为产生的影响研究和基于旅游者行为的专题研究是国外对旅游者行为研究的主要内容,基于定量分析的实证研究和旅游者行为的专题化研究是目前国外旅游者行为研究的主要特征和基本趋势。     

战争纪念馆游客旅游动机对体验的影响研究——以南京大屠杀纪念馆为例

本文设计了“学习及好奇”、“责任与义务”、“社会因素”、“个人情感体验”、“教育体验”5个潜变量,构建了战争纪念馆游客旅游动机对体验影响的结构关系模型,并以国家4A级旅游区南京大屠杀纪念馆为例,探讨了此类旅游动机对体验的作用机理。研究结果表明：（1）“责任与义务”是游客访问战争纪念馆的主要动机,也是与传统旅游的根本区别之一,与“个人情感体验”及“教育体验”有较高的路径系数（0．97,0．48）;（2）被动地参观战争纪念馆不利于游客体验的提高,从市场营销角度看,应该强调游客积极主动的参与,强调游客“责任与义务”方面的动机;（3）游客参观南京大屠杀纪念馆几乎没有对死亡感兴趣的动机,因此战争纪念馆旅游不完全属于黑色旅游研究范畴;（4）旅游动机及体验是区分特殊兴趣旅游的主要标志,未来需从特殊兴趣旅游（如战争纪念馆旅游）角度进一步探索旅游体验的本质。     

营销——内生:新城市体系格局下的韶关城市发展定位

本文在深入分析韶关作为区域性中心城市所面临的发展危机的基础上,应用Friedmann新的世界城市体系理论(城市营销-内生增长理论),探讨了它在区域经济格局中的地位,从内外两个方面剖析了韶关经济的发展动力,即珠三角的产业转型扩散和广东省"区域均衡发展战略"的政策支撑是其发展的重要契机,韶关经济的内生优势、比较优势和后发优势使其具备进一步发展的潜力。     

丝绸之路外国旅游者旅游动机及旅游行为特征——基于跨文化比较的视角

本文以丝绸之路外国旅游者为例,选取西安、敦煌、乌鲁木齐和喀什4个城市为研究地点,采取问卷调查和访谈相结合的方式获取一手资料,从跨文化比较的视角,深入分析了5个文化类别国家的旅游者在旅游动机和旅游行为特征方面的差异。研究结果表明：旅游者主要推力因素是拓展视野,主要拉力因素是旅游景点,且5个文化类别国家的旅游者在推拉因素上存在一定差异;各文化类别旅游者在旅游计划、旅游方式、计划停留天数和旅游路线安排等行为特征方面有显著差异。研究结果表明文化因素对旅游者旅游动机和行为特征均有影响。     

农村居民的旅游态度和出游特征研究--以湖南省为例

作者对湖南省浏阳市、华容县、新宁县和凤凰县四个代表样地的农村居民共1200人(户)，进行了闲暇旅游特征调查，详细分析了1077份有效样本。结果表明，农村居民旅游存在一般特征和地区的差异性。一方面，农村居民出游率不高，在旅游的动机上则表现为出游欲望普遍较高，但出游目的和旅游行为层次仍较低；另一方面，各地旅游特征存在差异，旅游认知和出游程度与当地旅游开发程度和经济水平成一定的正相关。文章最后对深入培育农村旅游市场提出了几点建议。     

皖江城市居民旅游动机及其与人口统计特征的关系

对旅游主体——旅游者行为的研究是旅游业可持续发展的基础,旅游动机是旅游行为的起点,影响目的地的选择、旅游形象、旅游满意度等。本文对皖江城市居民的旅游动机进行了调查研究,问卷采用开放式和封闭式相结合,数据分析采用定量和定性相结合。结果显示：欣赏自然风光、放松、开阔眼界、增长知识、促进家人和朋友的关系是皖江城市居民最主要的旅游动机;方差分析发现,六个动机因子中,有五个动机因子,即新奇、内部社交、地位、外部社交和知识存在人口统计特征上的差异。     

基于家庭系统理论的亲子旅游动机测量研究——以南京市红山森林动物园为例

传统的旅游动机测量模型主要基于个体旅游视角，无法有效解释亲子群体旅游现象。本文基于家庭系统理论，以南京市红山森林动物园为例，构建了“促进家庭关系-加强儿童教育-个体正面体验-个体负面体验”的亲子旅游动机测量量表。结果表明：①研究亲子群体旅游动机需要从传统的个体旅游视角转为针对性的群体旅游视角。②亲子旅游动机具有明显的亲子性，其重要程度为“加强儿童教育 > 促进家庭关系 > 个体正面体验 > 个体负面体验”，为寻求家庭意义，家长的个体旅游体验仍然存在但却是削弱乃至牺牲和隐藏的。③不同变量下动机存在差异，但主要仍为加强儿童教育和促进家庭关系。亲子旅游动机研究以期为旅游动机理论提供新的认识。