Public game funding in the Nordic region

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we explore the policies related to support structures surrounding national game industries, with focus on the three Nordic countries Finland, Norway and Sweden, and investigate what kind of context the Nordic welfare state model has provided for game development. The three cases illustrate how Nordic welfare state measures have interacted with the games industry over time. While the political ideals have been fairly similar, our study demonstrates how the objectives and practical means of state engagement have differed significantly. We argue that although the three countries all have support schemes of which game companies can take advantage, there are significant differences in the degree to which each individual country has organized government interventions and support. While the Finnish state has treated game development as an endeavour in business development, the regional Nordic game program and the Norwegian state has developed a cultural policy that primarily aims to protect the cultural heritage. The Swedish state has not established a tailormade policy directed towards game development but has a broad spectrum of general policies for supporting research and business development. We suggest that future research should investigate how the public funding is structured and how discourses are formulated around appeals for more public funding for the games industry.     

上海高级服务性公寓经营管理初探

本对酒店公寓行业特点作了较为全面的论述,并结合特定公寓酒店的管理实践,论述了高级服务性公寓经营管理特点,为如何推动酒店公寓行业的发展提供了第一手素材。     

试论奖励旅游与生产者服务

奖励旅游是现代旅游业发展到一定程度的产物,它是服务经济与生产性服务业日益成熟的表现,也是现代企业管理创新的反映。本文从生产者服务的独特角度,概括了奖励旅游的属性与特点,并对大力扶持奖励旅游提出了有关建议。     

环保产业在国民经济中的地位和作用

正确认识环保产业在我国国民经济发展中的作用和地位,有利于促进环保产业的健康可持续发展。本文从环保产业在国民经济发展中的功能定位出发,认为环保产业是重要的基础性产业,我国环保产业的发展有着广阔的市场需求,环保产业是我国经济发展中的新增长点。     

The origins of the entertainment industry: the operetta in late nineteenth-century Italy

Abstract

How does a new successful musical genre impose itself, define its audiences and repertoires and eventually replace older genres? The essay examines the case of operetta from its French origins to the specific diffusion in the Italian entertainment system. Here the popularity of the ‘little opera’ coming from France and later from Vienna grew along with a new system of theaters, politeama and café chantants. They were run by a new generation of entrepreneurs and publishers such as Sonzogno, interested in diffuse new forms of musical leisure. The rising of the Italian operetta found strong resistance from the traditional opera world at the turn of the nineteenth century, when the distinction between artistic music and music as entertainment was being consolidated and we can find a sort of passing of the baton between opera and operetta as the major popular musical genre.     

19世纪晚期法国反犹主义政治化原因初探

19世纪70年代以后,几乎所有西欧和中欧国家都出现了现代反犹主义思潮,其中法国尤为典型。当时,法国反犹主义的突出表现是反犹主义政治化,即反犹立法的确定、大规模的群众反犹运动以及民众对反犹观念狂热的、盲目的信仰。法国反犹主义政治化是个复杂的社会历史现象,是宗教、思想、历史、社会、经济、现实的政治状况等因素交互作用的结果,其中最为重要的是经济和现实的政治因素。     

强化公共服务——我国博物馆追求国际化与中国特色的双重呼唤

把强化公共服务明确定位为当前和今后中国博物馆学理论与实践的战略重点与发展方向,是关乎我国博物馆能否与时代和谐共进、可持续发展的一个重大而紧迫的问题.根据对博物馆功能演变历史与现实的回顾与考察,以及世界博物馆最新发展趋势乃至我国的有关国情研究,可知无论追求国际化还是中国特色,我国的博物馆都必须大力强化公共服务.     

近代安徽族田经营研究

在近代安徽,就族田的田产经营而言,出租给外姓中、贫农耕种是主要经营方式;地租形态主要是实物地租,且租率较一般私田低;大部分欠租是在催缴过程中通过协商解决.就族田的地租经营而言,宗族通过放贷、购田和投资工商业实现地租的增值;宗族放贷地租的利率大大低于一般私人放贷;族田地租向近代工商业转化已渐露端倪.     

把旅游业培育成战略性支柱产业的两个根本性保障系统

本文从战略性产业的概念解读入手,分析了将旅游业培育成国民经济战略性支柱产业的实施机制。本文认为,这一实施机制一方面在于旅游业本身的有效运作,另一方面在于保障性系统的有效运作。要将旅游业培育成战略性支柱产业,旅游法制建设系统工程和旅游教育与科研系统工程是两项必不可少的根本性保障系统。前者由立法和执法两个子系统构成,后者由旅游教育和科学研究两个子系统构成。