关于中国早期国家的几个问题

目前学术界对有关中国早期国家的概念存在着分歧.我们认为中国早期国家是指夏商周三代已具备公共权力,但社会仍滞留在居民血缘组织基础之上的政治组织.所谓中国在龙山时代就已出现了早期国家的说法是不能成立的.至于中国早期国家的产生,则是走的部落联盟酋长因其职务的“独立化“转变为“社会主人“这样一条路径.     

明清徽州图甲绝户承继与宗族发展——以祁门瀛洲黄氏为中心的考察

明清徽州民间社会对于图甲绝户的承继,主要分为两类:一是宗族内部的承继,称为"出替",是宗族内部对于图甲赋役制度的调适,不会导致户名族姓的变更;二是异姓承继,称为"承顶",有时发展为总户户名变更,体现了强烈的族姓意识,是地方宗族兴衰、更替的表现。绝户的有效承继,能维持图甲体制的完整和运行。而一些小姓宗族以承顶旧户为契机,逐渐摆脱依附地位,开始产业积累和宗族发展。     

首阳斋藏■器与西周宗法社会的贵族教育

本文对新近公布的首阳斋藏西周早期簋铭文作以考释,认为其反映了西周早期宗法社会贵族的教育问题,并得出了庶子虽不能直接继承祖考职事,但才艺考核优秀者亦可被任以官职的结论。簋铭文为研究周代贵族子弟尤其是庶子的教育和任官问题提供了新材料。     

The Subject of the King and a Mercantile Ideology in Early Modern Spain

This article proposes an interpretation of Lope de Vega's El Brasil Restituido (1625) that points to the political, military, and economic crises of Spain in Europe as the underlying themes of the representation of the retaking of the Brazilian colony of Bahía from the Dutch. The Spanish monarchy faced a major challenge to its European supremacy during the first two decades of the seventeenth century. Not only was its military power being frontally contested at different sites of Europe, but its political and economic influence was rapidly deteriorating as well. One of the goals of the Count-Duke of Olivares, the powerful prime minister of Phillip IV, was to regain European leadership by mobilizing the mercantile segments of Spain. The play illustrates the confluence of two ideological systems during the transformation of Spanish feudal society. On the one hand, the dominant ideology of blood purity legitimizes the seigniorial structure of lineage; on the other hand, the representation of a new merchant as a good servant of the king discloses the important role that a mercantile enterprise and ethos had acquired in the formation of a subject to the monarchy.     

宋明时代徽州的程灵洗崇拜

作为一名载入南朝正史的豪强人物,程灵洗在南宋以降的徽州社会一直是颇具影响力的神祇。当地对程灵洗的崇拜,从宋到元经历了形式上的变化。从南宋最初的露天社祭到世忠庙的营建,从元代程元谭-程灵洗世系关联的建立到元末各地世忠行祠的兴建,崇拜形式变化的过程也是地方神祇正统化的过程,其中地方士大夫是主导力量。随着程灵洗在明初洪武礼制中祀典地位的确立,以及明代中叶徽州商人力量的勃兴,在地方社会组建宗族的潮流之下,程灵洗崇拜不仅逐渐呈现由商人主导的态势,同时也具有了明显的宗族化的倾向。原先各地流行的世忠行祠最终演变成了各地的程氏宗祠,徽州早期的豪强人物程灵洗由此逐渐进入各个支派的程氏谱牒,成为了他们共同的祖先。     

读西安出土唐姚无陂墓志

本文在全文释读唐姚无陂志文的基础上,根据志文中提供的家族信息,将墓主放在南朝至唐前期吴兴姚氏家族的大环境下,对姚无陂其人及志文中的相关问题作了探讨,阐明了该墓志在唐前期贵族政治、边疆关系、科举考试等研究中的意义。     

宋明以来宗族制形成理论辨析

The discussion of the formation of patriarchal lineage system since the Song and Ming dynasties can be divided by the turn of 1980s and 1990s. The earlier period research is rationalized by four theories under the perspective of feudal society: the theory of village commune, the theory of lineage authority, the theory of patriarchal thought, and the theory of the restriction of land relations. The theoretical breakthroughs of the latter focused on the lineage's popularization, “three changes” of the kinship organization and the social vicissitude, the national identity, the lineage's community-compactization, and the generalized analysis on the reason of patriarchal lineage's formation. __________ Translated by Xiong Ting from Anhui Shixue 安徽史学 (Historical Research in Auhui), 2007, (1): 75–87     

河南泌阳县宋墓发掘简报

2002年1月,驻马店市文物考古管理所会同泌阳县文化局对位于泌阳县对外贸易总公司院内的3座古代墓葬进行了发掘。这3座墓葬形制结构基本相同,均为仿木建筑结构单室墓,由墓道、墓门、甬道、墓室四部分组成,有棺床,券顶呈穹窿状。出土随葬器物10件,以瓷器为主。推断这3座墓为一家族墓葬,时代为北宋中晚期。     

Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru

During the major Inca civil wars, Atahualpa had almost exterminated Huascar’s kin. Only a few capac women, those who descended from Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, remained alive. Atahualpa had planned to take them as his principal wives since only this type of marriage could successfully maintain the authority of the Incas over a large Andean territory. The Spanish arrival in 1532 interrupted his plans, but it did not eliminate Inca claims of sovereignty through marriage. In fact, it was through marriage that Atahualpa aimed to establish political alliances with Francisco Pizarro. While both Incas and Spaniards understood marriage on their own terms, there were many instances in which both were willing to redefine their own concepts of marriage in their struggle for power. In all of these, the women engaged in these unions were not only conscious about their political roles, but agents in the main historical events of this period.     

Caciques as Placeholders in the Guaraní Missions of Eighteenth Century Paraguay

This essay uses census data from the eighteenth century to examine the leadership role of caciques in the Guaraní missions. Cacique succession between 1735 and 1759 confirms that the position of cacique transitioned from the Guaraníes’ flexible interpretation of hereditary succession to the Jesuits’ rigid idea of primogenitor (father to eldest son) succession. This essay argues that scholars overstate the caciques’ leadership role in the Guaraní missions. Adherence to primogenitor succession did not take into account a candidate's leadership qualities, and thus, some caciques functioned as placeholders for organizing the mission population and calculating tribute and not as active leaders. An assortment of other Guaraní leadership positions compensated for this weakness by providing both access to leadership roles for non-caciques who possessed leadership qualities but not the proper bloodline and additional leadership opportunities for more capable caciques. By taking into account leadership qualities and not just descent, these positions provided flexibility and reflected continuity with pre-contact Guaraní ideas about leadership.