贵州隆兴寺木构件虫害鉴定研究

古建筑病虫害危害类型鉴定及危害程度分析,是制定维修方案和预防性保护措施的重要基础。一般古建筑木构件的虫害很难发现虫体,影响对危害类型的鉴定。本研究以贵州隆兴寺内一块受损木构件病虫害分析为例,通过树种鉴定、表面和内部危害特征观察与分析、木材三大成分降解分析、昆虫样本鉴定五个步骤,分析与鉴定该古建筑木构件受损原因。结果表明:经树种鉴定该古建筑木构件为贵州本地金缕梅科枫香属(Liquidambar sp.)木材,虫害在枫香木表面造成6~20 mm(长径)×3~6 mm(短径)的椭圆形虫孔,造成的内部蛀道扁平且顺着木材纹理延伸,蛀道内充斥粉末状与颗粒状的木屑和排遗物混合物。从危害特征分析鉴定为家扁天牛(Eurypoda antennata)危害;排遗物木材成分分析显示该天牛主要降解枫香的纤维素,少量降解半纤维素,几乎不降解木质素;经表面和内部无损检测分析该天牛对该建筑的木构件造成了4级(严重级)危害程度。本研究可为古建筑生物危害鉴定提供参考,为古建筑预防性保护提供科学依据。     

徽州古民居(村落)的风水观

本文从风水角度,探讨明清时期徽州古民居在村落规划、建筑设计及营造技术方面,利用和借鉴风水理论,在功能、美学和技术上,形成独特的地方性建筑艺术特色。     

清乾隆时期的宫殿建筑风格

康熙、雍正、乾隆以及嘉庆朝所建的宫殿,在传统礼制规定内,其宫殿环境、建筑布局及艺术等力求贴近现实生活。表现出创造惬意的环境和方便舒适的建筑、满足皇帝的理政及生活要求等一系列特性。这也构成了“乾隆时期”宫殿建筑的整体风格。     

清代宫廷建筑的管理制度及有关档案文献研究

本文介绍了清代宫廷建筑的管理机构与官员状况、宫廷建筑工程的各项管理制度,并列举了内阁、军机处、宫中、内务府、工部等处的部分档案,这些档案内容涉及紫禁城宫殿楼阁、苑囿行宫、陵寝、坛庙寺观、盛京皇宫及与宫殿建筑有关的河道、沟渠、园林、道路等的兴建和维修状况。这些清代档案是我们现今研究清代宫廷建筑的第一手资料,也是我们保护维修现存宫殿建筑的可靠依据,有着重要的史料价值。     

6. SPACE: A USELESS CATEGORY FOR HISTORICAL ANALYSIS?

Much fuss has been made of the “spatial turn” in recent years, across a range of disciplines. It is hard to know if the attention has been warranted. A confusion of terms has been used—such as space, place, spatiality, location—and each has signified a cluster of often contradictory and confusing meanings. This phenomenon is common to a range of disciplines in the humanities. This means, first, that it is not always easy to recognize what (if anything) is being discussed under the rubric of space, and second, that over‐extended uses of the cultural turn have stymied meaningful engagement with (or even a language of) materiality in discussions of space. This article shows how materiality has been marginalized both by a casual vocabulary and a vigorous a priori epistemological holism on the part of scholars, and how the spatial turn has been too closely linked to the cultural turn to allow it to develop its fullest explanatory potential. It demonstrates how historians might profitably theorize the significance of place and space in their work (borrowing techniques from geographers and anthropologists, and referring to the phenomenological tradition), and sets out some challenges for using space more effectively in explanatory systems. Inspired by environmental history, sociology, and science and technology studies, I propose a way of establishing space as different from conventional historical handling of materiality, and end by identifying some methodological problems that need to be solved if we are to proceed on a surer footing.     

PROCEDURE AND SPECTRA FOR ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO STRONG VERTICAL EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Abstract

In view of the compendium of field evidence and supporting analysis work indicating the possible damaging effects of vertical earthquake ground motion, this paper addresses the problem of code-type vertical force calculation. In light of recent engineering seismology studies of the relationship between vertical and horizontal peak ground acceleration, the inadequacy of the 2/3-rule depicted by codes is highlighted. A simple piece-wise linear relationship is proposed and shown to represent existing strong-motion measurements adequately. Bilinear and inelastic spectra are derived and studied. It is demonstrated that net tensile forces and displacements may ensue, thus eroding the shear resistance of RC columns. A simple procedure is outlined whereby modal analysis may be employed to estimate conservatively vertical earthquake forces on buildings. Finally, areas of further exploration and refinement are identified.     

DEFORMATION-CONTROLLED EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF RC BUILDINGS

A procedure for deformation-controlled, or displacement-based, seismic design of multistorey RC buildings is proposed, implemented and applied for the full design of a four-storey RC structure. It is integrated into the overall structural design, along with the design for the non-seismic actions and consists of a ULS verification against the conventional strain limits for a frequent “serviceability” earthquake and of proportioning the compression reinforcement and the transverse reinforcement of critical regions of members to meet the member peak inelastic chord rotation demands under the “life-safety” seismic action. Quantitative rules and expressions are proposed for the estimation of (a) mean and upper-characteristic peak inelastic chord rotation demands, through appropriate linear-elastic analyses, and (b) mean and lower-characteristic values of member ultimate chord rotations, in terms of member geometric and material data.     

Railway development as Symbolising ideas of social construction: (With Special Reference to Railway Development in Australia)

The townscape of “old” Lerwick reflects its traditional focus on the sea for its economic base. The major elements in this cohesive visual character are the closely clustered houses in the steep hillside district of the Lanes, the narrow, winding principal commercial street, and the lodberries projecting out into the harbour. The latter were constructed to meet the needs of the prosperous expanding trade period of the latter half of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century. Harbour improvements in the final quarter‐century of the 1800s ended their commercial usefulness. After a century of declining use and of neglect they are being restored as part of the renewal of “old town” Lerwick.