广西玉林市博物馆馆藏七件铜鼓的初步分析研究

迄今已有2 700多年历史的铜鼓,是南方少数民族地区节日、喜庆、兵事、婚丧、祭祀、礼乐等场合使用的一种重器。为了对锈蚀状况做出科学的现状评估,为器物保护修复技术路线的制定和修复工作的开展提供科学指导,对玉林市博物馆馆藏7件铜鼓综合运用了体视显微镜、金相显微镜、激光显微拉曼光谱仪(RS)和环境扫描电镜及能谱仪(ESEM-EDAX)等仪器进行了金相组织和合金成分分析以及锈蚀产物的分析。分析结果显示:7件器物皆为泥范铸造成型,未见热、冷加工处理现象。7件铜鼓皆为铅锡青铜合金,总体呈低锡高铅的特点。组织形态呈典型α固溶体树枝晶偏析,锡含量处于6.0%～12.2%,分布较为集中,处于中等含量水平(5%≤Sn15%);铅含量处于14.4%～28.2%,铅含量普遍较高且分布较为集中,处于中高铅(10%≤Pb15%)和高铅含量(Pb≥15%)水平,合金中高铅含量配比应为工匠有意合金配比选择;铜鼓的腐蚀类型为α固溶体富铜相优先腐蚀,保存环境主要是富氧、少氯,铜鼓表面锈蚀产物主要为绿色孔雀石和蓝色蓝铜矿以及氧化物,有少量白色白铅矿。在保护修复工作中对于这些无害锈可保留,不予处理,并注重防氧。对于铜鼓表面夹杂泥土,需进行清洗去除。研究结果可为器物保护修复技术路线的制定和修复工作的开展提供科学指导。     

TEMPORAL and SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CANADIAN INVENTIVE COMPANIES and THEIR INVENTIONS: AN ISSUE OF OWNERSHIP

Inventing is an important prerequisite for industrial economies to remain technologically competitive. Yet it is not well known how inventive companies of domestic or foreign ownership can affect a nation's technological base and, ultimately, its spatial-economic system. The present study examines this relationship in Canada by investigating the performance of its indigenous and foreign-owned inventive companies at the national, subnational, and urban levels. The results indicate that: (1) Canada's indigenous inventive companies are distinct from their foreign-owned counterparts in that they are generally smaller, are more apt to have teams of inventors, are more likely to develop product inventions, have come to manage a greater share of this nation's inventions, and are increasing their role in key Canadian industries; and (2) geographically, Canada's two largest cities and its core region were adversely affected by the declining inventiveness of American-controlled companies during the 1980s. L'esprit ?invention est une nécessité pour que les économies industrielles restent en conditions de concurrence technologique. Cependant, on connaît très peu de la manière que les entreprises inventives de propriété domestique ou étrangère affectent la base technologique ?un pays et, enfin, affectent son système spatio-écono-mique. La présente étude considère ces rapports au Canada au niveau national, sous-national et local, en exminant les performances des entreprises inventives indigènes et étrangères. Les résultats indiquent (1) qu'au Canada les entreprises indigènes et inventives diffèrent de leurs analogues étrangers: en général elles sont plus petites, ont plus tendance à consister en équipes ?inven-teurs, sont plus susceptibles de développer les inventions produites, produisent une plus grande part des inventions canadiennes, et sont en train ?augmenter leur rôle dans les industries canadiennes; et (2) que le déclin de ?esprit ?invention dans les entreprises dirigées par les américains a affecté défavorablement les deux villes les plus grandes au Canada, ainsi que la partie centrale du pays, pendant les années 1980. Mots-clés: invention, Canada, propriétéétrangère, technologie, produit     

法国乡村旅游产品的营销及其经验——以Le Relais de Chenillé公司为例

国家旅游局将2006年旅游主题定为“中国乡村游”,表明政府开始重视乡村旅游的发展。然而,我国乡村旅游处于起步阶段,存在不少问题,有必要借鉴国外的成功经验。法国乡村旅游从探索到完善经过了四十多年的发展路程,发展规模大,销售网络完善,拥有系统的行业标准和规范,使法国乡村成为家庭度假和休闲旅游的主要目的地。其在乡村旅游产品营销方面的成功经验值得我们借鉴,主要包括：政府、居民和旅游企业统一协调;乡村旅游的模式相对固定;利用政府性的旅游部门进行推销;利用行业认证进行质量控制和宣传;营销模式多样化等。     

法国乡村旅游产品的营销及其经验——以Le Relais de Chenillé公司为例

国家旅游局将2006年旅游主题定为"中国乡村游,"表明政府开始重视乡村旅游的发展。然而,我国乡村旅游处于起步阶段,存在不少问题,有必要借鉴国外的成功经验。法国乡村旅游从探索到完善经过了四十多年的发展路程,发展规模大,销售网络完善,拥有系统的行业标准和规范,使法国乡村成为家庭度假和休闲旅游的主要目的地。其在乡村旅游产品营销方面的成功经验值得我们借鉴,主要包括:政府、居民和旅游企业统一协调;乡村旅游的模式相对固定;利用政府性的旅游部门进行推销;利用行业认证进行质量控制和宣传;营销模式多样化等。     

A New Methodology and Classification System for Describing Three‐Dimensional Particle Formats: Application to Clastic Lithic Products of Archaeological and Geological Origin

A new classification system is proposed to describe the volumetric formats of clastic lithic products of geological and archaeological origin. In order to build this operative classification, the rectangular block or cuboid is established as the standard geometric format to represent their three‐dimensional format (the X‐axis being length or long diameter, the Y‐axis being the width or intermediate diameter, and the Z‐axis being the thickness or short diameter) on a two‐dimensional diagram. To obtain this graph, each absolute coordinate (X, Y, Z) defining the prisms is projected on to an auxiliary plane with a new set of relative coordinates (x, y, z), expressed as the percentage of their sum. The projection generates a triangular diagram on which the indices of elongation and flatness are represented. A geometric transformation converting the triangular diagram into a quadrangular diagram has been produced in order to better represent the scatter points. Then, a double scale is necessary: (i) an absolute scale to quantify the indices, and (ii) a relative scale to calculate where the graphic locus is projected. This new graph also allows us to work with statistical parameters. Finally, two classic examples of applications selected from the literature are shown.     

"旅游体验"视角下的特色旅游开发与管理问题探讨——以我国北方沙漠旅游为例

寻求心理体验是各种类型旅游活动具有的共同属性,能否满足体验需求是旅游经营特别是特色旅游能否健康发展的根本所在。特色旅游是旅游发展到一定阶段时的高层次体验需求。本文以沙漠旅游为例,从旅游者切身感受的视角出发,通过分析沙漠特色旅游体验的形成机理来认识旅游开发及服务管理中出现的问题,找出在现实状况下我国北方沙漠旅游发展的途径:树立一切从“旅游体验”出发的理念,贯穿于开发规划、产品设计和服务模式之中,树立品牌,扩大远程市场,使沙漠旅游具有可持续性。     

休闲产品主题化发展与经营

随着人们生活质量的提高,休闲已成为一种时尚。休闲产业日益兴起,休闲经济对国民经济有着巨大的影响力。在休闲产业经营的过程中,单一的、无特色的休闲产品已不能满足人们的需求,休闲产品主题化成为发展趋势。主题公园、主题酒店、主题旅游和主题购物等就是主题化休闲产品的几种表现形式。     

From flexibility to accommodation? Disabled people and the reinvention of paid work

Scholarship on 'flexible' work and changing organizational cultures has had little to say about the implications of these developments for disabled people. Drawing on in-depth interviews, this paper examines the ways in which disabled workers struggle over accommodations in contemporary workplaces. Analysis reveals a number of themes concerning training, speed at work, and emotional and aesthetic labour. At their core, these themes concern the ability of workers to exercise control over the labour process. Efforts to obtain accommodation are frustrated by multiple strategies that include people's propensity to self-discipline in the interests of achieving a valued identity through paid work. The paper argues in conclusion that accommodation, as both discourse and practice, offers a conceptual resource for rethinking contemporary employment with implications for both disabled and non-disabled workers.     

20世纪90年代的中日纤维产品贸易

20世纪90年代中日两国贸易结构发生较大变化,即中国对日本出口的食品及矿产等初级产品在对日出口总额中降到不足一成,而纤维产品贸易以几乎每年占中日贸易额的20～30％的速度强劲发展,推动了两国贸易总额的迅速增长,但同时也引起贸易摩擦。尽管纤维产品贸易由垂直贸易分工向初级水平贸易分工发展,以及密切的依存关系两大特征,使中日两国避免了在该领域的贸易战,但是,如何在互补性贸易结构中寻求更多的合作领域以减少贸易摩擦甚至避免贸易战争,是20世纪90年代中日纤维产品贸易带来的重要启示。