遗产化与旅游化对地方文化记忆系统的影响——以元阳哈尼梯田为例

文化记忆具有复杂系统性,从单一要素理解可能导致对遗产保护与旅游发展关系的误解,不利于地方文化记忆与文化认同的传承。本文采用质性方法分析元阳哈尼梯田遗产化与旅游化对文化记忆的影响。研究发现：一方面,权威话语主导的遗产化通过遗产归属族群、核心区与核心要素选取与认定等途径将文化记忆的主体、媒介、空间等系统要素建构为哈尼化的核心—边缘结构,导致遗产地文化记忆系统内不同主体、空间与媒介的发展失调。另一方面,市场话语主导的旅游化通过多主体参与、核心景点与周边村落协同发展及多元媒介要素展演的路径解构文化记忆系统的主体、媒介、空间等要素,在一定程度上消解了权威遗产化带来文化记忆系统要素的核心—边缘化消极影响。     

Historicizing the present: Brussels attacks and heritagization of spontaneous memorials

This research article traces the process of transition from spontaneous to ‘official’ memorialisation of the 2016 Brussels terrorist attack by questioning which factors trigger the heritagization process of spontaneous memorials and their contents. With a view to critically assess the significance of heritage values in relation to terrorism, this article scrutinises how these values are grasped, narrated and articulated by the local authorities, government and archival institutions in the preservation, conservation and heritagization of spontaneous memorials. There is an emphasis on the two facets of heritagization: how meanings attached to a memorial and its objects are created and expressed by the community of bereavement, and how the transformation of places, practices, objects into diverse forms of ‘heritage’ evolves. This article brings a new perspective on the heritagization of spontaneous memorials, seen as important in determining how a traumatic event such is a terrorist attack will settle in the collective memory on the long term, by becoming historicized.     

元阳哈尼梯田遗产化与旅游化的关系演变与互动机制

遗产化与旅游化已成为地方社会经济发展的重要活动，历时性地理解两者的互动关系及其影响因素具有重要意义。研究发现，元阳哈尼梯田遗产化与旅游化发生的时空背景基本相同，但关键施动主体与客体不同，形成二者关系演变的基础；地方先后经历了“旅游化启蒙遗产化、遗产化与旅游化相互促进、旅游化阻碍遗产化、遗产化加快旅游化”四个阶段；其中，“摄影师”、“政府部门、专家学者、大众传媒”、“社区居民与旅游企业及外来商人之间的矛盾、生态环境问题、地方贫困”、“地方政府、旅游企业、社区居民”等关键行动者分别依次发挥了主要作用，影响着二者关系的格局变化。     

Pilgrim routes as contested spaces in Norway

Abstract

Many of today’s pilgrim routes are not only conceived of as religious thoroughfares. They are also seen as historical and cultural routes and are embraced by heritage polices and the tourism industry. It follows from this that contemporary pilgrim routes are endowed with many meanings and expectations, both in the public and private spheres. While much research has focused its attention on the diversity of motives, experiences and symbolic meaning processes among those who embark on journeys along pilgrim routes, less attention has been paid to the varieties of stakeholders involved. By exploring how different types of stakeholders engage with a recently reinvented pilgrim route in Norway, it is shown how this route represents a contested space. Among various stakeholders involved in the development and the management of the pilgrimage, as well as stakeholders who take an interest in the material and symbolic benefits one could possibly draw from it, there are disagreements on what kind of heritage pilgrimage should represent. The differing approaches are basically represented by those who want to promote religious motivations, traditionalist outdoor recreation interests and stakeholders who primarily want to develop and market the pilgrim route in a touristic context. While distinctions between categories such as pilgrims and tourists, or vacationers and religious travellers, are becoming more and more blurred, opposing and partly intersecting discourses among stakeholders tend in this case to result in the upholding of these kinds of distinctions. This implies that travellers along pilgrim route are not left to themselves with their experiences and practices. While some stakeholders take an interest in what pilgrims are doing, in the sense that they want to profit from it, others are concerned about questions of whom a pilgrim is and for whom a pilgrim route is for.