从刺字看宋代军制

刺字是古代肉刑之一,在宋代成为军人和罪犯共有的体貌特征.军人和罪犯在刺字内容和部位上虽有差异,却都被社会主流群体视为贱民.军人的身份与罪犯颇为接近.军人低下的社会地位,不足以吸引平民入伍,募兵制施行的程度值得怀疑.出于兵源补充的需要,宋代强化对军人的身份控制,形成了后世军户的雏形.     

东汉时期的屯驻营兵

东汉时期,国家为适应军事防卫的需要,在边郡和内郡设置了屯驻营兵。屯驻营兵的设置,是东汉军队中出现的新事物。屯驻营兵与各郡的郡兵不同,它是国家在边郡和内郡的地方常备军,是由专门的军事官员指挥的。营兵的设置,使东汉初年兵制改革后。内郡和边郡防卫力量削弱的情况得到一定的改变。因此,东汉营兵所处的地位不能低估。     

东晋士族世袭领州制初探

东晋时期,在士族势力高度发展和东吴世袭领郡制的基础上,两者结合形成了士族世袭领州制。士族之间凭门户势力的较量,分别相应地统领不同的州,虽随条件变化作出进退,但都围绕着一州的统领权作为轴心来运转。其实质是士族把持政治,按门户档次分配地域权益,并希望世代保持下去。     

William Tell Militarism: The Swiss Model for Canada’s ‘Citizen Army’

Following Confederation in 1867, Canadians needed to move forward from their dependence on British imperial defence. Canadian militiaman Richard John Wicksteed was first to recommend adopting the model of the Swiss Army, a multi-ethnic, rifle-wielding citizen force powerful enough to ensure Swiss neutrality although surrounded by militaristic European powers. General Officer Commanding Edward Thomas Henry Hutton later proposed the Swiss model for a Canadian ‘National Army,’ echoed by Militia Minister Frederick Borden. In 1917, Colonel William Hamilton Merritt was the final advocate, drawn especially to the notion of equality in Switzerland’s universal military training programme. By this time, however, the Great War had changed concepts of Canada’s military needs from a reliance upon the defence-oriented citizen soldier to a more highly trained, expeditionary military force.     

第二次国内革命战争时期党的士兵运动方针评述

士兵运动工作是我军政治工作的重要组成部分,是战胜敌人、壮大自己的重要法宝。在第二次革命战争初期,党的士兵运动工作的主要任务是分化和瓦解国民党军队、支援土地革命。随着中日民族矛盾的上升,士兵运动工作的主要任务转到争取国民党军队联合抗日上来,并对抗日民族统一战线的建立起到了巨大的推动作用。     

Change in Order to Conserve: Explaining the Decision to Introduce the 1958 Life Peerages Act

The introduction of life peers in 1958 represented the 20th century's most significant change in the composition of the house of lords, until the removal of (most) hereditary peers in 1999. Yet the 1958 reform was introduced by a Conservative government which was under no discernible pressure to do so, least of all by its own back benchers. Yet the Conservative leadership in both houses of parliament decided to seize the initiative on house of lords reform, partly to enable the house of lords to discharge its political responsibilities more effectively, thereby preventing it from atrophying, and partly to pre-empt more extreme reform by a future Labour government. Yet having agreed to undertake such a reform, senior Conservatives encountered a range of often unforeseen constitutional and political problems, which ensured that the final reform was actually rather less comprehensive than many ministers had originally envisaged.     

War Trauma and Alcoholism in the Early Writings of Charlotte and Branwell Brontë

During and after the Napoleonic Wars, there was an outpouring of military-based biographical writing never before seen in British history. Over 200 military memoirs were published either as standalone entities or in periodicals such as Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine and The United Service Journal. As a result, the experiences of ordinary soldiers were brought to the forefront of Britain’s public consciousness. Although many of these memoirs glorified war, a number revealed the psychological damage war inflicted on the British male population and explicitly exposed the horrors of combat to a domestic readership. Furthermore, this explosion of life writing also exposed a connection between suffering and alcoholism, consolidating trauma as a post-war, national problem. The Brontës, typically recognized as canonical, Victorian authors, first participated in this military-based literary movement. This article attempts to reposition and establish two of the siblings – Charlotte and Branwell – as significant post-war commentators. By focussing on their military reading, it will become clear how they vicariously processed and reimagined war trauma and addiction through their Glass Town and Angrian sagas. Not only will this article argue that the introduction of military biography into British society generated wide-scale recognition of war trauma, despite its absence within contemporary medical discourse, but it will also argue that the young Brontës’ literature is an important historical source for understanding and re-evaluating the public response to post-war military masculinity.     

两汉边防兵制若干问题之比较——以西、北地区为中心

两汉边防兵制,尤以西、北地区最为典型.我们在边防武装力量构成、边防集兵方式、边防养兵费用及其筹措等方面,探讨两汉边防力量的差异、兵役制度的变化以及养兵与社会经济的关系等诸方面问题.