19世纪上半期墨西哥的农业发展模式与现代化道路

殖民地时期,在墨西哥中央地区的农村,庄园与村社之间形成了一种虽不平等、但相互依存的关系。殖民地后期,由于人口数量回升、商品关系的发展,大庄园利润上升,村社农民地位下降。独立后,由于大庄园主因经济困难而被削弱,墨西哥的农业从主要满足大城市市场的大庄园商品性生产为主,转向主要以满足自身消费和部分满足地方市场的村社、租佃农、小农场生产为主,出现了一种向"小农制"转变的农业发展模式。这一变化不仅仅给农民带来了直接的经济利益,而且为快速的经济增长和更加平等的分配创造了条件。但19世纪末,在迪亚斯的独裁统治下,墨西哥的农业重新回到了大庄园商品生产的模式,下层农民的处境不断恶化,阶级矛盾日趋尖锐,终于导致了1910年的墨西哥革命。     

Peonage, Power Relations, and the Built Environment at Hacienda Tabi, Yucatan, Mexico

The social and material conditions of postcolonial haciendas in Yucatan, Mexico, were greatly influenced by power relations intrinsic to the institution of debt peonage. Although landowning elites exercised enormous control over debt peons, hacienda social relations involved continuous negotiation between master and servant. Recent investigations at Hacienda Tabi, a sugar hacienda in southern Yucatan, explore the interplay between power relations and the creation and maintenance of the built environment. The evidence from Tabi suggests that during the Porfiriato (1876–1911) hacendados manipulated the settlement landscape to emphasize an order of social inequality. The spatial and structural elements of the hacienda's settlement reflected and supported the owners' attempts to control resident peons. However, those attempts were challenged by the resident Maya community, who defined the hacienda landscape imposed on them in alternative ways.     

Haciendas and economic change in Yucatán: Entrepreneurial strategies in the Parroquia de Yaxcabá, 1775–1850

Using archaeological and historical data from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century haciendas in theParroquia de Yaxcabá, Yucatán, this paper demonstrates how documentary records can be employed to create diachronic archaeological explanations. Both the organization of production on the hacienda and the entrepreneurial strategies pursued by the estate owners. contribute to the form of the hacienda. The following analysis suggests quantitative and qualitative explanations for variation in hacienda size and architectural elaboration. The archaeological interpretations offer a reconsideration of processes of economic change in central Yucatán prior to the Caste War of 1847.