Income differences within municipalities in Finland, 1989–1997

Differences in income between population groups in Finland have begun to increase since the recession of the early 1990s. These differences are examined here in terms of mean taxable incomes per household in 1989, 1993 and 1997 in 1 × 1 km grid cells, and the results are compared with those obtained using postal districts and municipalities as areal units. In spite of the increase, taxable income differences within municipalities are still relatively small. It is clear, however, that incomes have risen more in areas of increasing population than in areas of declining population. The results also indicate that the smaller the areal unit used, the greater the income differences, and vice versa. Thus the results of analyses based on different areal units cannot necessarily be regarded as comparable.     

人口数据格网化模型研究进展综述

人口数据格网化是目前人口空间分布研究的热点。本文对国内外人口数据格网化模型研究进行总结,重点剖析几种主要的人口数据格网化模型。研究表明:人口数据格网化模型从单纯的、静态的格网化方法,逐步向自然、经济社会因素综合影响下的空间模型过渡,朝着动态模型方向发展;随着格网化数据应用领域的不断拓展,以不同级别格网为基本统计单元的人口数据生产将是人口数据获取的一个重要发展趋势。     

Early Construction of a Maya Sacred Landscape: The Sector Y “E-Group” of Nixtun-Ch’ich’ (Petén,Guatemala)

The southern lowland Maya city of Nixtun-Ch’ich’ exhibits an atypical gridded layout imposed in the Middle Preclassic period (800–400 b.c.). Sector Y, in the monumental core, consists of a two-part sub-structural platform with an “E-Group” quasi-astronomical architectural complex (Platform Y1) and a deep natural depression or fosa, Fosa Y (Platform Y2). Earliest construction began with bedrock leveling, probably around 1100–1000 b.c., followed by late Terminal Early Preclassic and transitional Terminal Early to early Middle Preclassic building, subsequent massive Middle Preclassic rebuilding, and Late Preclassic enlargement. Excavations in Sector Y provide evidence of the early phases of construction of a sacred landscape proposed to have been based on a mythical creation-crocodile’s back. More broadly, this work contributes to studies of early societal complexity and urbanization in the Maya lowlands, in Mesoamerica, and beyond.     

现代城市管理新模式:城市网格化管理综述

随着现代城市的快速发展,传统的城市管理手段和方式远远不能满足现代城市管理的要求,将现代城市管理理论与"数字城市"技术相结合而形成了新的城市管理模式-城市网格化管理。该模式将城市管理过程分为信息收集、案卷建立、任务派遣、任务处理、处理反馈、核实结案等环节,它采用的网格管理法、城市部件管理法、两个轴心的管理体制等是对现代城市管理模式的极大创新。     

关于田野考古绘图的一点思考

本文试图在科学、规范的要求下,重新界定田野考古绘图中探方分层平面图的涵义及其命名方式,强调对于地层分布线记录的重视,探讨了探方分层平面图绘制的一般性原则。对考古绘图的发展前景,及其在未来的考古学研究中的作用作了一点思考。     

农村社区选址适宜性的空间分析研究——以株洲市云田镇为例

农村社区的科学选址建设,是改善农民生产生活条件、降低建设与环境成本、提升农村基础设施与公共服务设施覆盖率的重要途径。根据国内外理论动态及我国农村实际情况,以株洲市云田镇为例,建立了一套完整的方法体系。该方法体系涵盖图面矢量化、六边形格网系统、空间标准化、因子分析、综合加权、两步聚类等要素。利用该方法体系,以及国标所规定的地形、水体、绿地、农田、道路、建成区、农村居民点、基础设施8项指标,对云田镇农村社区的选址适宜性进行综合分析。得出8项指标权重,并通过综合加权运算,得到最适宜、适宜、较适宜、不适宜、禁止选址区的分布等结果,以三维柱状图形式进行直观表达。本文的方法将为我国乡镇农村社区选址提供方法论支撑。     

元大都孔庙、国子学的建筑模式与基址规模探析

本文依据文献史料,对元大都孔庙、国子学的建设过程进行梳理,对建筑平面进行复原,确定其用地范围与基址规模,并通过分析探寻其设计规律与手法,发现设计中采用两套平格网．孔庙、国子学的基址规模与大都城市平格网的基准长度存在倍数关系,基址边界均在11步×12．5步的平格网线上;建筑群内部的平面布置受8步×10步的平格控制,总平面中重要控制线大多与网格线对应。根据这一规律,本文进一步对明清北京孔庙、国子监进行分析,发现明太祖、英宗两朝对元代孔庙、国子学展拓时,基址规模仍受元大都城市平格网控制,而永乐朝重建孔庙时沿用元代8步×10步的平格网,将东西廊庑分别向内收进一格,从而揭示元、明建筑模式与基址规模的内在一致性。     

A Sixteenth-Century Draft Plan of Lisbon’s Western Suburb

The National Library of Brazil has in its cartographic collection a little-known late sixteenth-century ichnographic plan of Lisbon, Portugal, showing the city’s western extramural suburb. In this article the unfinished draft plan is analysed for what it reveals of the mapmakers’ surveying methods. Comparison of the plan with other historical sources suggests that it was produced by Giovanni Vincenzo Casale and Alexandre Massai for military purposes between 1590 and 1597. This makes it the oldest ichnographic plan of Lisbon known to date, replacing the better known ichnographic plan of Lisbon signed by João Nunes Tinoco in 1650.