试论夏家店下层文化石城

夏家店下层文化石城主要分布在冀、蒙、辽三省、自治区交界处,对于其用途,有不同认识。本文在较全面梳理夏家店下层文化石城发现的基础上,探讨了夏家店下层文化石城的类型及其用途。总起来说,夏家店下层文化石城作为聚落单位来看,包含有服务于该城的祭祀遗存,但不能掩盖其强烈军事防御功能的本质。如果将夏家店下层文化石城作为一个整体来看,呈带状分布的全部石城就构建起了护卫中心区域的外围整体防御体系。     

线条的困惑

线条之于中国画,最初的功能只是框定形状,勾画轮廓。随着绘画的发展,线条被赋予更多的功能和内涵,不仅要清晰展示出画家所描绘的物体,还要显示出某种意蕴和精神,以昭示人类的某些情感,甚至被分门别类,与各类意蕴一一对应。如此,又不免有生搬硬套之嫌。线条在书法里挥洒自如;而在绘画里,则或得颜色、章法之助倍受赞誉,或被名士名流赋予诸多诠释。于是,线条不胜困惑。     

后博物馆时代——在传承与蜕变中构建多元的泛博物馆

自世界上第一家现代公共博物馆诞生至今,博物馆经过不断的传承与蜕变,已经发展到相当完善的高度,特别是当今新时代下其性能、功能、职能、效能等特征发生了较大的变化,因此可提出后博物馆时代和泛博物馆的概念,并藉此推动中国博物馆体系建设和博物馆学理论的发展。     

希腊罗马人对犹太教的误读

早在 19世纪 ,英国批评家马修·阿诺德就指出 :希腊主义 (Hellenism)的指导原则是“意识的自由生发”,强调“本着事物的真实面貌看待事物”,故重知 ,重学问 ;而希伯来主义的指导原则是“守良心的谨严”,强调“举止和顺从”,故重行 ,重道德。前者以世间极恶为蒙昧 ,因而关注人们清晰的思维 ,引导人们认知事物的本质与美 ;后者以世间极恶为罪 ,因而要人们不断意识到罪 ,以不断唤起人们的罪恶感。正因如此 ,前者产生了灿烂的哲学 ;后者诞生了虔诚的宗教 1。自阿诺德以降 ,人们普遍视希腊文明与希伯来文明为现代西方文明的两大源头。那么 ,希腊…     

科学发展观视野下政府职能转变的方向与途径

科学发展观是一种全新的政治诉求,蕴含着全新的价值取向,呼唤政府职能的进一步转换。科学发展观视野下我国政府职能转变的基本方向是强化公共服务职能以建设公共服务型政府,强化政府的可持续发展推动功能,在政府职能范围上注重收缩与扩展并举。应通过宣传教育在全社会推进政府观念的转型,通过促进公共职能履行主体的多元化来推进公共职能的转移,通过行政体制的完善和行政制度的健全促进政府职能的转变。     

“弓形器”用途与来源再考

在商周青铜器中弓形器是较为常见的器物之一,为其定名、究其用途,历来学者有不同的看法.本文依据田野考古、传世文献和历史学的有关资料,并结合以前学者所考证的成果,认为弓形器是商周时期贵族辅弓用的工具,即所谓的弼.     

Interpreting pachyderm single carcass sites in the African Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene record: A multidisciplinary approach to the site of Nadung’a 4 (Kenya)

Nadung’a 4 is one of the single carcass pachyderm sites recorded in East Africa during the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene. The site has yielded an abundant lithic assemblage in close association with the partial carcass of an elephant. Conjoined pedological, geoarchaeological, spatial, technological, and taphonomical analyses have been carried out to address the relationship between hominids and elephant. The resulting data are consistent with a non-fortuitous association between both categories of remains. The lithic artefacts do not match a classical Acheulean tool-kit, as would be expected for the time period ascribed to the site, and the functional patterns inferred from their analysis make this site radically different from other purported butchery sites. The implications of these original features are discussed.     

Two sides of the same coin—rocks, bones and site function of Picareiro Cave, central Portugal

The issue of site function rarely has been a main focus in the study of Portuguese Upper Paleolithic. This fact may be related to a lack of interest in this research area. More likely, however, it is due to the fact that there are relatively few Paleolithic sites with data that allow a serious study of site function. At Picareiro Cave, central Portugal, there are various data sets from level F/G dated to the latter Magdalenian that are adequate for this type of research. These are habitat structures, lithic artifacts, macro- and mesofauna, as well as 3D location of all artifacts and fauna larger than 1 cm. Based on the interpretation of the analytical results of each data set, it is possible to reconstruct site function of this particular level of Picareiro Cave. The morphology of one of the hearths, being very large in size, with the base prepared and a pavement surrounding it, as well as the condition and diversity of fauna, indicates that it was used for processing the meat of rabbits, red deer, and wild boar, probably through smoking and grilling. All of the evidence from the different types of data (lithic artifacts, habitat structures, use of space, and fauna) indicate that Layers F/G of Picareiro Cave are the result of a specific task, that of processing animal carcasses of rabbits, red deer, and wild boar.     

试论考古类型学的逻辑与原则

类型学作为认识工具,只涉及科学发现与检验的原理和逻辑,并不涉及具体事实。考古类型学由分型和分式两部分构成,分型即分类,分式即排序。本文借《元君庙仰韶文化墓地》和《试论殷墟文化分期》两篇论著,以集合论的原理和知识说明分类的逻辑,得出穷尽性、排他性、同一性三条原则;以函数的思想说明排序的逻辑,得到同一性原则。     

Darwinian Evolutionism Is Applicable to Historical Archaeology

Over the past decade or so, an increasing number of archaeologists have begun to show interest in employing Darwinian evolutionary theory to explain variations in the material record. Epistemological and methodological issues surrounding the implementation of Darwinian evolutionism in archaeology are numerous, the most basic of which is that Darwinism embodies a materialist perspective, whereas archaeology traditionally has maintained an essentialist outlook. Stemming from this dichotomy are fundamental differences in such things as how units are created and how they are used to measure change. As archaeologists grapple with these issues, specific examples of how Darwinian evolutionism can be used to build historical narratives and create historical explanations are appearing with more frequency, but with few exceptions, proponents have focused specifically on the prehistoric record. This gives the impression that Darwinian evolutionism is not applicable to the more-recent material record, which is decidedly not the case. The kind of evolutionism proposed here transcends the age of the record under investigation.