The Effect of Terrain on Entheseal Changes in the Lower Limbs

One of the main factors involved in entheseal changes (EC) aetiology may be related to the physiological limits of biomechanical loading fixed during bone development, such that higher load during childhood and the adolescent growth spurt leads to a lower frequency of EC during adulthood. In this sense, it is possible that ECs may be related to overloading beyond an individual's normal physiological limits as established during childhood and adolescence. This meta‐analysis tested this aetiological possibility by studying the influence of terrain on the entheses of the lower extremities. The hypothesis is that individuals who inhabited rugged terrain have lower EC than those living in flat terrain. This is because biomechanical loads associated with rugged terrain will lead to a higher normal capacity (defined during skeletal development) mitigating the probability of overloading compared to those living in flat terrain who will therefore have a higher frequency of ECs. To test this, papers reporting EC frequencies in the lower limbs were analysed alongside the local terrain. Terrain was defined into two categories: flat or rugged based on altimetry profile, i.e. the average elevation gains and losses along four specific paths (North‐South, East‐West, Northwest‐Southeast, Southwest‐Northeast). Odds ratios were calculated to compare rugged and flat terrain. The overall results are consistent with the hypothesis that overloading is a factor in EC aetiology. However, when the analysis is conducted by sex and side, this general trend does not always occur. Limitations such as the lack of standardized age ranges could be affecting the outcome, i.e. older individuals have a higher frequency of ECs. The findings of this analysis suggest that the theoretical assumptions associated with the cause of ECs require further testing and evaluation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城中村外来人口的购房意愿研究——以深圳为例

本文以快速城市化的典型地区深圳作为研究区域,以居住在城中村的外来人口作为研究对象,调查其居住现状以及购房意愿,并分析其购房意愿的影响因素。分析发现,通过影响住房改善需求、未来发展规划、购房能力等,户主年龄、户主学历、住深时间、家庭收入、现住房的租金以及满意度、户主户口以及留深发展意愿对城中村外来人口家庭购房意愿有着显著的影响。     

人地关系理论新探——区域政治、经济、社会系统观

人地关系理论是人文地理学的核心理论。由于人类和自然地理系统间的关系处于不断的变化之中,因而人地关系理论也处于不断变化与发展、完善之中。从而使无数学者为之不断探究。本文在人文地理学基本理论基础上,提出人地之间的"平台系统"观点,以此作为笔者对人地关系探究活动的一次参与。     

前资本主义社会历史规律的求索——马克先生与历史比较研究

马克先生是我国历史比较研究的开拓者之一。多年来,他基于“前资本主义诸形态的政治经济学”的学术构想,开创出宽阔的“求同”学术理路,对中西封建社会进行诸多深入的比较考察。他在这一领域中的重要建树,在很大程度上廓清了西方学理模式的偏见及其对我国史学界的影响,深化了对封建时代中西历史异同的认识,促进了对封建社会历史规律的探索,推动了中国史学界历史比较研究的发展。     

Territory and lithium extraction: The Great Land of Lipez and the Uyuni Salt Flat in Bolivia

The Uyuni salt flat in Bolivia is a strategic location with a vast deposit of lithium; a key mineral for the production of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage. Over time, the Uyuni salt flat has become a space of contestation and grievances over its mineral resources, its territorial limits and for the most ambitious State-led project for lithium extraction and industrialization in Bolivian history. The paper aims to interrogate how notions of space ownership are intertwined with the governance of strategic resources such as lithium. Using qualitative primary data collected in Bolivia between 2014 and 2017, I explore the case of the Uyuni salt flat and the territorial arrangements of the nearby region (southwest region also known as the Land of Lipez). By examining the geo-spatial history, this case, I argue, illustrates geo-spatial delimitations are inherently political, contested and co-produced by the surrounding communities to define forms of access to and control of resources and the territory. The co-production of territory and the governance of its resources produces new spatial and political configurations in which there is a growing tension in terms of the recognition of indigenous land rights in spaces where the extractive frontier is expanding and the State maintains and perpetuates power imbalances in the sphere of decision-making. As this case shows, the history, the struggles over the governance of its resources and the land titling process behind reveal a territorial project in constant making and entangled in a political project to control mining of lithium in Bolivia.     

青铜瓶考识——以包山楚墓出土的“直颈平肩器”为中心

瓶是常见于先秦至汉代文献中的一种器物,出土青铜器中也有若干自名或者被学者定名为"瓶"的文物,但是这些器物要么名不符实,要么形制特殊,并未呈现出有规律的形制特征。1986年湖北荆门包山2号楚墓出土的青铜直颈平肩器,为解决"瓶"的定名问题提供了重要的线索。从器物的形态、功用以及在墓葬中的组合等方面综合分析,可以证明该类器物应该就是文献中所说的"瓶"。这种青铜瓶目前所见有16件左右,主要流行于战国时期。西汉早期以后,青铜质地的瓶走向了消亡,汉代的瓶多以陶质为主,为生活实用器,往往与井、灶等配套出土。另外青铜瓶在青铜礼器中的地位很高,其在形制上与战国秦汉时期流行的蒜头壶、青铜锺、投壶、等也有着明显的区别。     

江苏省海岸带可持续发展初探

在海洋经济区中,海岸带具有一定的特殊性。虽然其资源丰富且种类繁多,但由于受到多种作用力的交互影响,而客观上存在各种灾害频繁、生态环境脆弱等问题,因此迫切需要实施可持续发展。江苏是海洋资源大省,海涂面积占全国海涂总面积高达30%左右,大陆海岸线长度约占全国大陆海岸线总长度的5.3%,但却又是海洋经济弱省,其海洋产业产值仅占全国海洋产业总产值的4.4%,与广东(21.71%)、山东(14.14%)、浙江(14.05%)、福建(12.68%)相比存在很大差距,已经成为江苏区域发展中必须正视和急于解决的突出问题。本文从可持续发展原理出发,通过分析江苏省海岸带的特点及其开发利用现状与存在问题,提出了实施其可持续发展的战略选择以及所应采取的主要措施。     

From a White Desert to the Largest World Deposit of Lithium: Symbolic Meanings and Materialities of the Uyuni Salt Flat in Bolivia

The Uyuni salt flat (Salar de Uyuni) in Bolivia possesses the largest lithium deposit in the world. Over the past 40 years, this location has been commodified and radically transformed. This paper examines how a landscape, understood from its material attributes and qualities, shapes and is shaped by social relations unfolding in a process of commodification and mining expansion. Based on primary qualitative data, the paper explores two elements: (1) how the symbolic meaning of this landscape has changed over time for the surrounding indigenous communities; and (2) how the different materialities of the salt flat as landscape, as ulexite and as lithium allow understanding of the drivers of socio‐environmental change and conflict in this region. The paper argues that social relations and governance frameworks are interlinked with changing symbolic meanings and the different materialities of the Uyuni salt flat.     

Scales and networks of neoliberal climate governance: the regulatory and territorial logics of European Union emissions trading

The growing influence of neoliberal approaches to environmental governance has significantly increased the involvement of industry non-state actors in international and national climate governance. However, the implications of this neoliberalisation and hybridisation of climate governance, and particularly state–industry relations during these processes, remain under-integrated with wider geographical debates on the scalar and network politics of environmental governance. In this paper, we probe these issues by examining the regulatory and territorial logics underpinning the negotiation and implementation of the European Union emissions trading scheme (EU ETS). We argue that overlapping interpretations of the regulatory logic of emissions trading (as a cost-effective means of meeting climate objectives) by EU, state and industry actors provided the driving force for the creation of a Europeanised climate governance space and the consolidation of the EU's governing authority in respect of the formal rule-making elements of the EU ETS. However, alliances between state and industry actors, based around intersecting interpretations of their territorial interests in relation to emissions trading, strongly influenced the scheme's design. Moreover, speculative behaviour within the EU ETS market indicates the continued ability of market networks to disrupt territorially-based climate governance regimes. We argue that critical exploration of the territorial logics and practices of EU emissions trading from regime creation to operation provides new insights into the emerging spatial politics of neoliberal environmental governance and its implications for climate protection.     

Growing dens. On re-grounding the child–nature relationship through a new materialist approach to children’s dens

This paper contributes to the dawning disruption of the prevailing notion of the child–nature relationship through a new materialist reading of children’s dens, and proffers a re-grounded and worldly gaze on the relationship with implications for the promotion of children’s outdoor lives. The study is an ethnographical field study among 10–12-year-old boys in a Danish school. Data were generated through participant observation, and include video recordings and photographs of children’s dens. Drawing on a flat ontology and plugging in key Ingoldian concepts of meshwork and growing (Ingold 2011a, 2013), the analysis suggests that children’s relations to dens cut across taken-for-granted subject–object binaries and go beyond common notions of nature as inert materials. I find that dens are growing in an ever-becoming meshwork comprised by human and non-human intra-actions, and that agency or vitality can be ascribed broadly to the material world. Possible implications for planning are considered.