清代史馆制度的特点

和前代相比,清代史馆制度有自身的特点。顺康时期,清朝官方就形成了以常开、例开史馆为主干,以阅时而开、特开史馆为辅助的史馆格局,这种史馆格局既具有稳定性,又具有灵活性,功能完善,相得益彰,在清廷的政治运作中发挥了重要作用。清代帝王对史馆修史的干预更加全面,皇帝亲自确定修史项目,对史书修纂的内容进行全面指导,时常过问史馆的管理,并形成了史书修纂次第进呈御览的制度,一切仰承圣裁,保证了帝王意志在史馆内的贯彻执行。清代史馆还具有鲜明的民族特色,官方以制度化的方式规定了史馆内满汉纂修官的员额和比例,保证满人参与修史。清代史无专官,但史馆从组建、管理到史官选任、资料征集等,都有一整套严格而又灵活的运作机制。     

Not Just a Jesuit Atlas of China: Qing Imperial Cartography and Its European Connections

In the literature, the ‘Overview Maps of Imperial Territories’ or Huangyu quanlan tu 皇輿全覽圖, is mostly referred to as ‘the Jesuit atlas of China’. The reason is that this early eighteenth-century atlas of all Qing China’s territories plus Korea and Tibet is assumed to have resulted from European missionaries importing European cartographic practices. In this essay, I argue that this view is outdated and can no longer be sustained. By revisiting the background of the missionaries’ involvement in cartographic exchanges between Asia and Europe, the techniques used for surveying Qing territories and the production of the resulting atlases, I show that the mapping project behind the ‘Overview Maps of Imperial Territories’ is best understood as a creative answer to the unique needs of Qing frontier management and imperial control, made possible by the integration, in mensurational and in representational terms, of European and East Asian cartographic practices.     

“家族国家观”的悖论

日本儒教中的家族孝主义是家族国家观的重要基础。但是作为幕藩体制下封建武士之间的道德,它无法直接为明治近代化的目标服务甚至形成阻碍。因此家族国家观虽然植根于传统的儒教家族主义,但又是对其不适应时代课题的部分进行修正后,重新建构起来的一种意识形态。因此带有两面性,不是简单的“复古”,也不是儒教家族主义道德的简单复活。虽然家族国家观在统合民众方面发挥了巨大作用,但由于其原理与近代国家原理之间存在抵触,致使家族国家观自身蕴含着重大的悖论。     

南京大学北园东晋大墓的形制、墓主及其他——两晋偏室墓研究之一

据现有材料初步推测南京大学北园东晋大墓为成帝及其成恭杜皇后的陵墓,其侧室附葬的是周章太妃。     

一个展览和一个时代——“明永乐宣德文物特展”设计综述

"明永乐宣德文物特展"是一个全面展现明早期艺术的综合性文物大展。展览的最终目的是要激发大众对传统艺术的兴趣,令其得到文化的熏陶与艺术的启迪,因此,展览陈列设计所要考虑的是一个多层次的体系。首先提炼装饰元素作为视觉主题,将艺术品的美感尽可能展现给观众,同时还要向观者传递时代背景、皇帝的思想境界等信息。此外,设计者还精心挑选不同的装饰材料以营造新颖的展示环境,达到衬托文物高超工艺水平的目的。     

从皇帝大婚典礼看清朝行政机构之运转

中国古代是家国同构体制,这一特点在皇家事务中体现得尤为鲜明。皇帝大婚既是国家大典,又是皇家一族一姓的家事,由此可见中央、地方各机构间的关联及职能运作。本文以清代皇帝大婚,尤以清末同治、光绪二帝大婚为切入点,剖析各行政机构之间的运作模式,从而加深对历史复杂性的理解。     

汉武帝时“宽厚长者皆附太子”新考——对阎步克《汉武帝时“宽厚长者皆附太子”考》一文的商榷

文章通过重新分析各类核心史料,认为在汉武帝统治后期的高压政治生态下,朝中并不存在所谓"宽厚长者"守文政治势力。石徳、张安世等人亲附太子刘据,是出于政治投机目的,极少数持不同政见的臣僚,也不能作为形成政治势力的判断标准。分析武帝、太子在巫蛊之祸前后的政治表现,也难以得出所谓宽厚长者亲附太子形成政治势力的结论。巫蛊之祸超越了汉武帝、太子两条政治路线之间的纷争,交织着皇权、新兴军功集团、酷吏、外戚四股势力之间的争斗,深刻的影响了西汉中后期的政局。     

The China Maps of Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville: Origins and Supporting Networks

Abstract

By 1735, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville had produced forty-one maps of the Qing Empire, or China, a process significantly more complex than scholars have hitherto appreciated. A close study of d’Anville’s maps and their originals has revealed their relationship with the different versions of a Chinese atlas, the first of which was completed early in 1718, the outcome of nearly a decade of collaborative surveying between officials of the Qing Empire and European missionaries. The precise origins of some of the maps are identified for the first time, and the network behind the remarkable intercontinental exchange of cartographical material that allowed d’Anville to produce his China maps is also discussed, thereby illustrating the central role of the French Jesuits, as well as the connection with St Petersburg.     

From constitutional monarchy to republic: The trajectory of Yuan Shikai

In the conventional narrative of the 1911 Revolution, the reemergence of Yuan Shikai leads to a series of troubling actions. First, he bargained with the Qing court by taking advantage of the crisis at Wuchang to extract concessions for himself, and then he used the Qing military force to menace the southern revolutionaries. Eventually Yuan used the southern revolutionary threat as a pretext to force the abdication of the Qing emperor. Moreover, he traded his contribution for the position of the first president of the Republic, and thus stole the fruits of victory. This narrative is quite different from the historical facts. As one of the most important higher officials in late Qing times, Yuan played an essential role in pushing the political reforms of the late Qing. His generation of the political elite largely supported constitutional monarchy, consequently he chose to promote political reform to realize a constitutional solution after he returned to the political arena during the 1911 Revolution. Only after realizing that the goal of a constitutional monarchy had been rejected by all the political groups did Yuan follow the trend by supporting republicanism.     

350th Anniversary of Les Passions de l'Ame

1999 marks the three hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Descartes' final work: Les Passions de l'Ame. This short paper commemorates that event and discusses the circumstances contributing to its origin and the questions which it still raises for neuropsychology three hundred and fifty years later.