人地关系理论新探——区域政治、经济、社会系统观

人地关系理论是人文地理学的核心理论。由于人类和自然地理系统间的关系处于不断的变化之中,因而人地关系理论也处于不断变化与发展、完善之中。从而使无数学者为之不断探究。本文在人文地理学基本理论基础上,提出人地之间的\"平台系统\"观点,以此作为笔者对人地关系探究活动的一次参与。     

Chemical modification of pyroclastic rock by hot water: an experimental investigation of mass transport at the fluid–solid interface

Hydrothermal water–(pyroclastic) rock interactions were examined using flow-through experiments to deduce the effect of mass transport phenomena on the reaction process. A series of experiments were conducted over the temperature range 75–250°C, with a constant temperature for each experiment, and at saturated vapour pressure, to estimate the apparent rate constants as a function of temperature.
Based on the chemistry of analysed solutions, the water–rock interaction in the experiments was controlled by diffusion from the reaction surface and by the existence of a surface layer at the rock–fluid interface, which regulated the chemical reaction rate. The reaction progress depended to a high degree on flow velocity and temperature conditions, with element abundances in the fluid significantly affected by these factors. Mass transport coefficients for diffusion from the rock surface to the bulk solution have been estimated. Ca is selectively depleted under lower temperature conditions ( T  < 150°C), whereas Na is greatly depleted under higher temperature conditions ( T  > 150°C), and K reaction rates are increased when flow velocity increases. Using these conditions, specific alkali and alkali earth cations were selectively leached from mineral surfaces. The 'surface layer' comprised a 0.5–1.8 mm boundary film on the solution side (the thickness of this layer has no dependence on chemical character) and a reaction layer. The reaction layer was composed of a Si, Al-rich cation-leached layer, whose thickness was dependent on temperature, flow velocity and reaction length. The reaction layer varied in thickness from about 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁷ mm under high temperature/low fluid velocity and low temperature/high fluid velocity conditions, respectively.     

海曲汉墓漆纱工艺及物料探源

日照海曲汉墓出土的漆纱残片是目前已报道的山东地区考古发掘出土较为罕见的汉代织物遗存,也是整个山东地区较早期的珍贵丝织品实物资料。髹漆是中国优秀传统工艺之一,亦是中国古代流行的一种独特的织物整理技术。汉代在冠和履的制作过程中,使用漆的涂层,实现了现代织物整理类似的目的,即功能改性纺织品：使丝织品达到硬挺、坚牢和防水的目的。通过超景深显微观察、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜—能谱分析、激光拉曼光谱分析等检测方法对黑色网状结构残片材料进行分析研究,从而推断发掘出土的网状结构为：内部芯线为蚕丝,外部为髹饰大漆。大漆涂料中加入了朱砂等作为显色成分。特别根据激光拉曼光谱数据等分析,发现在漆纱工艺中存在钠长石作为漆灰添加剂的情况。通过对海曲地区所在胶东半岛的贝丘遗址分布进一步了解,研究大胆猜测并验证了漆纱的漆灰成分有可能源自对贝丘遗址的贝类遗存的利用,并为追溯人类早期对海洋自然资源利用及海洋地域考古、早期工艺物料的来源提供参考价值。     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

An experimental and modeling study of Na-rich hydrothermal alteration

Sodic alteration assemblages including clinoptilolite, mordenite, analcime and Na‐montmorillonite were locally observed in sediments in the eastern part of the Hachimantai geothermal region, northeast Japan. This study investigated the mechanisms of sodic enrichment in the sediments during alteration. Kinetic results for water/rock interaction experiments are reported here. Batch‐type experiments were conducted at 150–250°C under saturated vapor pressure. Pyroclastic rocks dissolved incongruently in these experiments, and the solubility and dissolution rates among elements varied as follows: the apparent steady‐state concentrations of major elements are Si > Na ? K > Ca > Al and the order of the dissolution rates is Si > Al > Na ? K > Ca. Na had the highest steady‐state concentration and fastest dissolution rate of the alkali and alkali earth metal ions. Based on surface analysis of plagioclase, dissolution was effected via a reaction layer of Na‐montmorillonite on the mineral surface. Additionally, a reaction model constructed based on the experimentally observed reaction mechanism quantitatively explains the dissolution behavior. These results show that Na‐montmorillonite can be precipitated by pyroclastic rock/meteoric water interactions without seawater involvement: the Na is derived from the host rocks.     

The Santa María pottery of El Bolsón valley (Catamarca,Argentina): Compositional characterization and implications on the elaboration processes,ca. 1000–1600 ce

The results obtained from the multi-analytic compositional characterization of ceramic pastes and paints of the Santa María style, from the El Bolsón valley (Belén Department, Catamarca Province, Argentina), are presented here. This pottery style had a wide regional distribution in Northwestern Argentina between ca. 1000 and1600 ce and is characterized by its complex iconography painted in black, cream and red. The analyses show that the containers correspond to the technical tradition of using grog temper and suggest that its manufacture involved a double firing process. This reveals a new practice for the time.     

基于旅游行为的旅游目的地空间层次与管理

关于旅游目的地的空间研究比较丰富,视点主要在于经济与地理空间。但是,旅游业是市场导向非常明显的行业,从旅游行为角度研究旅游目的地的空间层次更具有现实意义,对指导旅游目的地的开发和管理更具有操作性。本论文从旅游行为导向、管理方便性角度,融入社区理念,提出了新的旅游目的地解读,将其划分为三个空间层次,即游览服务区、社区服务区和社会服务区,并分析了它的空间层次结构关系和主要要素。论文最后从规范管理角度提出管理层次与关系。     

“人”字顶木椁墓墓主族属的初步研究

人字顶木椁墓首次发现于浙江绍兴印山越王陵,之后在闽越、南越等地区也相继发现,商周时期江南地区土墩墓内的建筑形式推测原来也为人字形墓葬建筑遗存。江浙地区人字顶木椁墓是越文化的独特葬俗,闽越和南越的族属渊源与南下越人有紧密联系,发现的人字顶木椁墓应该是延续了越人的葬俗,这种葬俗不是贵族特有而是普遍采用的。