Reproduction in transition: cross-border egg donation,biodesirability and new reproductive subjectivities on the European fertility market

Today, there should be little doubt that new reproductive technologies have ‘diversified, globalized, and denaturalized’ human reproduction (Inhorn and Birenbaum-Carmeli 2008). Not only have assisted reproductive technologies developed and spread throughout the world at a rapid pace, but this significant development has also given rise to a global market of cross-border reproductive care (CBRC). This article seeks to investigate CBRC between Sweden and the Baltic states, in which Swedish infertility patients travel to private fertility clinics as recipients of egg donation. This article argues that the restructuring of the European space (occurring in and through both the so-called ‘transition’ of the former Eastern Bloc and the expansion of the European Union) constitutes crucial conditions of emergence for the trans-European market of infertility care, which not only results in new modalities of reproductive mobility but also articulates a new set of interrelated European gendered reproductive subjectivities. Particular attention will be paid to the ways in which such ‘new reproductive subjectivities’ – here exemplified by a sample of cross-border donor egg recipients – are articulated in relation to notions of ‘choice’ and what I call ‘biodesirability’, and how such notions cannot be exempt from its specific post-socialist European context.     

由钱粮亏空看康雍乾时期财政制度创设中的因果关系--兼论清朝官僚政治的制度缺陷北大核心CSSCI

在对清前期钱粮亏空案的考察中,可以看到“挪用”与“垫支”、“摊捐俸工银”与“摊捐养廉银”,以及“蠲免”与“捐纳”等制度之间的关联性。由“挪用”到“垫支”的支出行为发生由非法到合法的转变时,并没有解决难以归款的问题。而由“摊捐俸工”到“摊捐养廉”,说明财政体制上存在着公私■的制度缺陷,虽一定程度上填补了不断增大的财政缺口,却产生了官员低俸甚至是无俸的政治风险。此外,“蠲免”在被誉为造福于百姓的惠政加以推行的同时,被蠲免的直省因无征赋税不得不以备受诟病的“捐纳”“挪垫”“捐输”等作为解决财政短缺的途径。以上制度与措施之间有着互为因果的关系,诸问题都指向了清朝低存留的财政体制,这成为清朝国家难以解决的政治隐患。     

关于侨乡优势的思考——广东潮州大吴村旅外乡亲捐资公益事业调研报告

广东省潮州市是著名侨乡.长期以来,旅外乡亲对家乡公益事业进行了无私的捐资.这些捐资促进了家乡的发展,也成为潮州的一大侨乡优势.本文以大吴村为个案,分析旅外乡亲捐资的情况,总结旅外乡亲捐资成功的大致模式,同时对这一侨乡优势所出现的问题进行初步探讨.     

Ova collection in Japan – making visible women's experience in male spaces

The role of women is essential in embryo creation and donation, as they undergo in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment for ova collection. Yet, it has often been pointed out that in the process of embryo donation women's role is largely neglected, as if embryos come from nowhere. The procedure of embryo donation in Japan is a case in point. During field research in Japan, we found that women were of the view that the procedures of embryo donation are inhuman, cold and harsh, while specialists said that no value is attached to embryos in Japan and that women have no scruples about donating them. This article explores the cause of the gap in the perception of experiences of ova collection between women and IVF specialists. Our primary source of data was interview narratives with women undergoing IVF, IVF specialists, nurses, counsellors and policy makers. Field research was conducted in 2006–2008. We analysed the process and the ways in which women's experiences of ova collection become invisible in Japanese socio-cultural contexts, including marriage, households and motherhood values in Japan. Our analysis critically draws on Marxist feminist theories, which enabled us to discuss the link among the production of embryos and ova, reproduction, ownership and gender. This theoretical framework also enabled us to view the case of Japan, paying particular attention to historical perspectives and specific cultural forms.     

社会地位补偿与海外移民捐赠——广东五邑侨乡与海南文昌侨乡的比较分析

论文从社会学视角,对广东坎镇与海南文镇两个移民群体公共文化事业的捐赠活动进行了比较研究,认为海外移民对于侨乡公共文化事业的捐赠与其社会地位补偿密切相关,提出了＂社会地位补偿＂的解释范式。广东坎镇移民流向主要为美国、加拿大等经济发达国家,移民群体社会地位落差较大。他们的捐赠活动,不仅能够补偿他们某种身份及归属感的缺失,而且还能够获得一种额外的社会声誉。这种移民的补偿心态使得坎镇侨乡的公共文化事业出现了繁荣发展的盛况;而海南文镇移民流向主要是东南亚国家,经历了从＂华侨＂到＂华人＂的身份转变,祖籍地与移居地的经济差距缩小导致移民补偿成本升高,侨乡地方社会所构建的补偿体系对移民的吸引力在逐渐减弱,从而导致文镇公共文化事业出现衰落的发展态势。     

太平天国运动与晚清科举制之关系探讨——兼论清廷推行捐纳举措的得与失

文章从科举制度层面透析太平军军兴之因,用史实揭示了清延通过大开捐纳和竭力恢复科举制的整合和控制功能,赢得了大多士绅的归附,打赢了与天国政权之间的人心和人才争夺战。但这也造成了官民流动机制的变异,清廷功利政治的泛滥。它拓宽了太平天国运动史的研究视野,对全面认识晚清政府也是必不可少的一个方面。     

郭嵩焘与晚清厘金

郭嵩焘首倡开办湖南通省厘捐,并推广湖南经验,先后在山东、江浙、广东等地整顿厘务,以裕军饷。1864年,他强烈反对停厘撤卡,平息了沸沸扬扬的罢厘之议。使英期间,他坚决主张停废各省厘捐,仿行西方税法。可见,郭嵩焘在晚清厘金兴废过程中起着举足轻重的作用。     

The politics of donating technological artifacts: techno-nationalism and the donations of the world’s first jet engines

The Smithsonian Institution’s aviation collection includes two early jet engines, both of which were given to the museum by foreign donors. The first, a prototype of Britain’s first jet engine, which flew during World War II, was donated by the British state in 1949. The second, a replica of Germany’s first jet engine, which flew in late August 1939, was donated by Germany’s leading museum, the Deutsches Museum, in 1980. The two are today presented as equivalent artifacts, yet the paths followed by the two objects to the American museum were anything but equivalent. Recovering the political and historical contexts that informed each of these two donations shows how what was apparently the same action fulfilled two very different agendas. Unlike the British donation, which was calculated to support Britain’s (at that time solitary) claim to having invented the jet engine, the German donation supported a narrative of dual invention, which had become the internationally agreed standard story between 1949 and 1980. This dual-inventor narrative allowed the German museum to forward a more subtle goal than promoting a national inventor; that of depoliticizing and normalizing Germany’s aerospace tradition internationally despite the fact that German aviation had been a locus for German nationalism and National Socialist largess. Reflecting on these two donations raises questions about how technology – particular historical claims about technology made in museums – have contributed to the construction of national identities.