肯尼迪政府调节国际收支逆差的政策

肯尼迪在美国面临巨额国际收支逆差的背景下入主白宫。严重的逆差导致美国的黄金大量外流,引起西方世界对美元信用的置疑。因此,调节逆差成为肯尼迪政府的重要使命。肯尼迪政府调节逆差的政策主要体现在肯尼迪提交给国会的两份特别咨文中,即1961年2月6日的“黄金和国际收支逆差特别咨文”和1963年7月18日的“国际收支特别咨文”。以两份咨文为蓝本,有关部门展开了系列的开源节流行动。美国的逆差调节行动使美国政府内部和北约盟国间的斗争起伏跌宕,充分暴露出权力政治的实质。     

China's Infrastructure Investment Boom and Local Debt Crisis

A noted Hong Kong-based economist addresses the emerging financing problems prompted by debt-laden local governments in China in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. More specifically, using the most recent data available, he traces the root of China's local debt overhang to a protracted debt-financed infrastructure investment boom in which several key institutions (the cadre evaluation system, the land management regime, and the banking sector) have created an environment that draws local governments into a land-infrastructure-leverage trap. The author argues that the resulting high levels of debt may ultimately impede the country's efforts to mitigate structural imbalances in its economy. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H600, H700, P200, P300. 3 figures, 9 tables, 121 references.     

Archaeological Amerindian and Eskimo cranioskeletal size variation along coastal western North America: relation to climate,the reconstructed diet high in marine animal foods,and demographic stress

A quantitative bioenvironmental study of cranioskeletal size has been made of a latitude-ordered sequence of 14 series of adult skeleton sets (N=305): the archaeological remains of aboriginal maritime peoples inhabiting the west coast of North America between southern California and the Arctic. Of eight osteometric parameters of cranioskeletal size developed, the most important are partial skeleton volume (PSK) and cranial capacity (CC); and the principal bone-affecting environmental factors are the northerly climate (CLIM2c), the reconstructed diet deficient in calcium and overabundant in animal foods and vitamin D (DIET3c), and demographic stress (DSg). Prior research has demonstrated that cranioskeletal size increases with geographical latitude and decreases under dietary calcioprivation and unphysiologically high birth rates. Upon linear multifactorial statistical analysis our main finding, limited to the Amerindian subsequence (n=11 series) from the Santa Barbara Channel, the San Francisco Bay Region and the Northwest Coast, is that PSK and CC vary in direct proportion to CLIM2c, and inversely with DIET3c and DSg. Controlling for the latter two osteoantitrophic factors, coastal Amerindian female PSK rises by 9% between 34 and 54°N latitude, CC by 5%; and the male incremental rates are somewhat higher, 13 and 10%, respectively. This newly discovered climate-dependent race cline, an example of Bergmann's Rule, is interpreted as factual evidence of a mid-Wisconsin or earlier arrival date for the first Palaeoindians. Cranioskeletal size of the very small (n=3 series) Western Eskimo subsequence approximates the northernmost values of the coastal Amerindian distribution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

欠发达地区搭建中小企业融资平台的新模式——以海西州德令哈市为例

经济欠发达地区实现跨越式发展,一个迫切的任务是必须切实解决中小企业融资困难的问题。近几年,德令哈市政府从本地实际出发,积极搭建中小企业融资平台,激活了融资市场,探索出一条欠发达地区应对中小企业贷款困难的新路子,促进了中小企业健康快速发展,进而有力地推动了地方经济的发展。     

The Ilisu Dam: WAC protests to the British government

This paper focuses on two trends in the debate over the scope and nature of public archaeology. The first is a growing concern to define and codify its disciplinary boundaries. The second trend, arguably in tension with the first, is the ever-widening exploration of how people engage with their past, and the ramifications for the way archaeology, in its widest sense, is practised. It is argued that an excessive preoccupation with demarcating the disciplinary boundaries of public archaeology may risk obscuring a far more important objective, tied to the second trend referred to above. Debates on the relationship between the public, the past, and archaeological practice have resulted in a sea-change in attitudes to the responsibilities of the archaeologist, in the relationship between scientific knowledge and popular and indigenous knowledge, and in ideas about the relevance and usability of the past. Public archaeology is concerned with all these issues. It is argued that, to fulfil this wider vision, public archaeology cannot afford the strictures of a specialized discipline within archaeology, but must remain a persistent, essential, and foundational ingredient in the competencies and sensibilities of every archaeologist and co-worker in the field.     

PUBLIC GOVERNANCE OF ARTS ORGANISATIONS IN SWEDEN: STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

The article investigates public governance of arts organisations in Sweden by examining the relationship between these public principals and arts organisations and by illustrating how this connection affects the strategic action of individual arts organisations. Two case studies provide the basis for the analysis: Nationalmuseum, the national museum of older fine art and crafts located in Stockholm, and Edsvik konst och kultur, a kunsthalle, or gallery, located in the municipality of Sollentuna. The article concludes that public governance does affect strategic planning and action in the individual arts organisation by presenting it with opposing logics of control and evaluation and by creating economic and political vulnerability for the organisation through budget and management controls.     

Global standards and deficit childhoods: the contested meaning of children's participation

In recent years a discursive voice-based form of children's participation has become a global standard. This has rendered more material children's practices particularly in less-affluent regions as deviant forms of participation. Drawing on the case of child labour, I critically examine the dominance of a discursive model of participation in terms of international policy statements. I argue for a more inclusive notion of children's participation incorporating children's economic as well as discursive contributions within their families, communities and schools. At the same time a more nuanced view potentially shifts the policy focus towards the legitimation of child labour rather than its condemnation.     

青海民营企业应对金融危机的调查与思考

为支持青海民营企业应对金融危机,本文在对青海民营企业深入调研的基础上,从理顺体制机制、加强银企合作、探索股权融资、推进企业整合、完善企业退出机制、加强政府信息服务能力建设等方面提出了对策建议。     

清中后期地方亏空与钱粮蠲缓研究

清中后期,由于固化的财政体制与社会经济发展之间的结构性矛盾,加之统治者应对方策失当与吏治败坏等因素的交互作用,地方亏空不可遏制地蔓延与恶化。官僚系统无法突破既有财政体制框架,只能通过制度间的内在转化,将财政压力通过蠲缓制度疏导和转嫁。但钱粮蠲缓之宗旨却与实际效果发生背离。     

中小企业融资问题研究

随着我国市场经济体制的建立和完善,我国的中小企业获得了前所未有的发展,已经成为支撑我国经济发展的一支重要力量,但其发展过程中融资难的问题至今依然困惑着企业。本文拟从融资方式角度分析中小企业融资难的根本原因,并探讨改善中小企业融资难的新途径。