八硼酸钠抑制砂石质文物硫酸盐结晶研究

针对砂石质文物的可溶盐病害治理,本研究提出了一种采用八硼酸钠抑制硫酸钠结晶的方法。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等分析,以陕北砂岩为例,研究了梯度浓度的八硼酸钠对硫酸钠结晶的抑制效果,初步探讨了八硼酸钠对硫酸钠的微观作用机理。研究表明,八硼酸钠浓度越大,硫酸钠结晶析出量越少,考虑到“文物保护最低限度干预”的原则,当八硼酸钠的质量分数为15%,抑盐效果最佳。同时本研究对可溶盐病害治理与砂石质文物保护具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Characterization of lime mortar additivated with crystallization modifiers

Additivating mortars with crystallization modifiers is a novel approach to mitigate salt crystallization damage in historic masonry. Once verified the effectiveness of crystallization modifiers in bulk solution, the next step consists in verifying whether: (i) modifiers are still effective when mixed in mortar and going through the carbonation process and (ii) modifiers alter any mortar properties which might limit their application. This research addresses these issues for sodium ferrocyanide and borax, modifiers for sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate, respectively. Several experimental techniques have been applied to elucidate these questions. The results show that the selected modifiers are still able to alter the salt crystallization after going through the carbonation process of the mortar. Besides, no major effects of the modifiers on the fresh and hardened mortar properties were observed. It can therefore be concluded that there are no restraints for the future use of these crystallization modifiers in restoration mortars.     

Paper 2: Climatic Study of the Underground Archaeological Site Coudenberg

Abstract

The excavation and valorization of subterranean archaeological remains, and eventually opening a site to the public, required a proper management and conservation strategy. This strategy was based on the evaluation of the delicate balance between the requirements for public health and safety, and the protection of the archaeological remains from future degradation. Controlling the climate can be essential for a preventive conservation strategy, which can be defined as an indirect action to increase the life expectancy of the archaeological remains, and by doing so keeping them in a preferred state of conservation to mitigate damage and/or deterioration.

Potential risks and possible interventions are outlined to avoid climatic conditions which are in conflict with the requirements for the visitors’ comfort while preventing damage phenomena to the materials.     

几种商用保护材料对模拟秦俑陶胎的加固和防盐风化性能研究

目前对古代陶胎的研究多集中在加固材料的筛选及其保护效果评估上,普遍缺乏深入的保护机理的研究,尤其保护材料对陶胎盐风化的影响及其机理研究在国内更是罕见。因此,本实验选用TEOS(正硅酸乙酯)、Paraloid B72和WD10对模拟古代秦俑陶胎进行了加固和防盐风化保护研究。重点观察了不同材料处理后陶胎样品表面盐结晶的形貌,并对其形成机理进行了探讨。最后对Paraloid B72在耐盐实验中出现的保护性破坏现象给予关注。结果显示,TEOS处理后陶胎的抗压强度得到提高,但对陶胎的耐盐性能没有改善;Paraloid B72处理后,陶胎颜色加深,耐盐实验中处理陶胎出现了严重的盐风化。WD10处理后陶胎的耐盐性能显著增强。对盐结晶的微观形貌研究初步揭示,保护材料能够对陶胎表面进行改性,不同的憎水性和渗透性会显著影响盐结晶的微观形貌,进而会带来不同类型的盐风化。本研究结果启示文物保护工作者必须深入了解各种保护材料的优缺点,根据被保护文物的具体实际需求,慎重开发和选择保护材料,以避免保护性破坏现象的出现。     

银器文物的变色原因及防变色缓蚀剂的筛选

为探讨银器物变色的原因与防变色缓蚀剂的筛选研究,用极化曲线法对目前已知的多个银缓蚀剂进行缓蚀性能评价。筛选出较优良的银缓蚀剂为：2-巯基苯并恶唑(MBO)、1-苯基-5-巯基四氮唑(PMTA)、2-巯基苯并咪唑(MBI)等。这对银器物保护有较大的实用价值。     

Effectiveness of Phosphocitrate as Salt Crystallization Inhibitor in Porous Materials: Case Study of the Roman Mosaic of Orpheus and the Beasts (Perugia,Italy)

Salt crystallization in porous materials constitutes one of the major causes of decay of buildings/archaeological sites in a wide range of environments. Desalination is among the most common methodologies of conservative treatment for salt decay. However, classic desalination techniques might be not suitable for long-term conservation. During the past decade interest has been an increasing towards crystallization inhibitors as a new means of controlling crystallization damage. This study deals with the first in-field application of an environment-friendly inhibitor system— phosphocitrate (PC). In particular, the case study of the Roman mosaic of Orpheus and the Beasts in Perugia (Italy) is presented. The inhibitor is completely soluble in water or alcohol, non-toxic, and easy to apply, thus enabling its use in accordance with the volatile organic compounds emission control and safety during the conservation works. Relevant samples from control and treated mosaic areas were collected and analyzed comparatively by means of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry to study the potential of the inhibitor system in preventing/controlling salt damage in such archaeological site.     

Microclimate and Salt Crystallization in the Crypt of Lecce’s Duomo

Ancient masonry structures are often damaged by soluble salt crystallization, which is activated by even small microclimatic variations. Unsuitable environmental conditions can accelerate this process, affecting the type and the quantity of salts and the consequent damage to the masonry. Therefore the importance of monitoring salt diffusion to control salt crystallization and microclimate over time is widely recognized. This study proposes an integrated monitoring methodology to obtain information on the relationship between salt efflorescence and microclimate in the Crypt of the Duomo of Lecce (South Italy). By combining ion chromatography, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman microscopy with environmental monitoring and deterioration maps, salt components were identified and efflorescence diffusion on masonry was monitored over time. Due to this approach, a possible explanation for the process is finally given.