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1.
Aleksey A. Kazarnitsky Andrey V. Gromov Evgeniia N. Uchaneva Ekaterina V. Pugacheva 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2023,33(1):26-38
This research examined the occipitoparietal deformations of the Early Bronze Age skulls from the southern European part of Russia and the similarities between those deformations and head modifications among the population of the Okunev culture in Southern Siberia. The study objects used were 3D models of neurocrania from 41 individuals retrieved from Early Bronze Age graves in the northwestern Caspian Sea region and 64 individuals from the Okunev graves. Analyses, of the skull shape variations, included geometric morphometrics, generalized Procrustes analysis, and principal component analysis with visualization of morphological changes as heat maps. Statistically significant differences between the subgroups were tested by performing dispersion analysis (ANOVA) using the Geomorph package. The samples of Early Bronze Age skulls from the southern European part of Russia showed differences between deformed and non-deformed skulls, as well as differences in the location of the deformed regions in both males and females. The differences between chronological groups turned out to be stronger than the difference between undeformed and deformed skulls in the Okunev samples. The next analysis focused only on the Okunev deformed skulls involving a study and assessment of the differences in the types of deformation between the early and late subgroups. The final analysis demonstrated similarities between the Bronze Age male deformed neurocrania from the northwestern Caspian Sea region and those from the early Okunev culture. The study confirmed the occipitoparietal flattening on the Bronze Age skulls from the southern European part of Russia using geometric morphometrics. This skull deformation finds analogies among deformed male neurocrania from the early chronological horizons of the Okunev culture. The similarity of head modifications in populations from different geographical regions indicates contact between these populations. This is confirmed by archaeological data and nonmetric cranial traits. 相似文献
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Svetlana Semenovna Tur Svetlana Vladimirovna Svyatko Marina Petrovna Rykun 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2019,29(1):144-148
Transverse basilar cleft (TBC) is a very rare congenital anomaly representing a coronal fissure completely or partially intersecting the basioccipital at the level of the pharyngeal tubercle. It is usually asymptomatic but can sometimes be part of a syndrome. Population frequencies of this anomaly are no more than 1%, with few exceptions. Two skulls with TBC were found in the Ayrydash 1 cemetery of Altai Mountains nomads, Russia, attributed to the Hunno‐Sarmatian period (2nd c. BC–5th c. AD). In this paper, we test the possibility of a familial relationship between the individuals who shared by this condition, using the Alt and Vach method for nonspatial analysis of skeletal kinship based on cranial and dental nonmetric traits. Results of the study show that the frequency of TBC is significantly higher in the Ayrydash 1 sample than in the rest of the skeletal population from the Hunno‐Sarmatian period (p < 0.05). This suggests that the individuals affected by TBC were most likely genetic relatives. The observed clustering of TBC and some other rare anomalies within local groups of Altai Mountains nomads appears to be due to parental consanguinity in their community. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2018,28(4):470-474
Cranial dysraphism, a pathological condition resulting from a neural tube defect, is a rarely reported condition in archaeological and clinical literature. A defect at bregma was identified on human remains recovered from New Orleans, Louisiana, when exhumation of several commingled bodies occurred in a paupers' cemetery in 2015. Initial speculation regarding the cause of the condition consisted of trauma, pathological condition, a natural variant, or the result of a congenital defect. A differential diagnosis was utilised to approach the breadth of potential causative factors, incorporating clinical information on the bony response of soft tissue defects common in modern reports. However, during a review of the bioarchaeological literature, an alternative explanation for the feature, one that did not result from typically reported causes, revealed that this observed defect was likely an example of the rarely reported condition known as cranial dysraphism. Through review of both clinical and bioarchaeological data, the resulting diagnosis observed here is supported through the unique characteristics that several other authors have identified as associated with cranial dysraphism. Unique features of this bony defect include the smooth walls of the depression, a saucer‐like shape with an anterior rim built up of cortical bone, lack of diploë exposure, a perforation at the base of the saucer, and the retention of cranial sutures. Although the defect also closely resembles the bony response to a cyst, the perforation and anterior rim are supportive of its diagnosis as a cranial dysraphism. This case study of a single occurrence of cranial dysraphism is reported to assist practitioners in differentiating between this condition and other potential causes of anomalies of similar appearance. 相似文献
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Emma Pomeroy Jay T. Stock Sonia R. Zakrzewski Marta Mirazn Lahr 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2010,20(3):317-334
Artificial cranial modification (ACM) involves the alteration of cranial vault shape by cultural means, and is performed during infancy while the cranial bones remain soft and malleable. The direction of normal cranial growth is altered through the application of external forces. In this study, three types of ACM from north‐central Peru (posterior flattening, bilobed and circumferential) were analysed using standard craniometric techniques. The aim was to determine the effects of these forms of ACM on craniofacial morphology, and the extent to which different types of ACM could be distinguished from one another and unmodified crania on the basis of these measurements. Significant differences between artificially modified and unmodified crania, and between different types of ACM, were demonstrated in cranial vault shape for all types. Significant differences in facial morphology were found only in the bilobed group compared with the unmodified crania. Canonical variates analysis (discriminant analysis) confirmed that major differences between modification types and unmodified crania were in measurements and angles of the cranial vault. While the results show some similarities to previous studies, they add to the variability in the patterns and extent of differences documented to date. It is suggested, based on these results and visual observations, that interpopulation variation in ACM within major modification categories may explain some of the variability in results between studies, an explanation which has previously received insufficient recognition but which remains to be tested since varied methodology between studies may also be a contributory factor. While previous studies have often sought to generalise about the effects of ACM, the examination of the differences between populations even within major ACM categories may offer new insight into cultural variation in modification techniques between populations and the nature of craniofacial development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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K. C. Nystrom 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2007,17(1):39-51
This paper discusses trepanation frequency data from the Chachapoya region of the northern highlands of Perú. New data from three skeletal samples are presented: Kuelap, Laguna Huayabamba, and Los Pinchudos, as well as isolated crania housed at the Chachapoya Museo Instituto Nacional de Cultura. The vast majority of the trepanations are circular in shape, except for one individual exhibiting as many as three roughly square trepanations. Evidence for healing is prevalent, with examples of both associated periosteal reaction of nearby outer table bone, as well as for healing of the insult itself. Only one case demonstrates a clear association between a traumatic injury and a trepanation event. The purpose or function of the remaining cases of trepanation, however, remains elusive. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
A series of crania from the site of Huamelulpan, Oaxaca, Mexico (400 BC to AD 800), were examined. Four showed notable cultural modifications. One exhibited a healed trephination, while the other three were perforated through the frontal. The cultural context and significance of these modifications is discussed, especially in relationship to the site of Monte Albán, where trephination was more common than anywhere else in Mesoamerica. The post-mortem cranial perforations appear to be connected with the practice of ancestor veneration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
N. Tayles 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2003,13(4):197-206
During the excavation of the Iron Age site of Noen U-Loke, in the Mun River Valley, northeast Thailand, in 1998 an unusual case of possible fatal cranial trauma in an elderly woman was recovered. Her skull was cleaved across the centre from side to side. The woman was buried with her head inside a ceramic pot, which is unusual for the site, but with jewellery similar to that in other burials. She was interred in a large cluster of graves, with a high proportion of infants and children. Her burial treatment suggests that she was not being treated punitively. The position of the mandible shows that the cleavage is not a postmortem artifact but it is not possible to determine the reason for it or whether it was the cause of her death or occurred immediately afterward. It is an unusual and intriguing enigma. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
It has been difficult to infer behaviours related to anterior tooth use in fossil hominids owing to a lack of broad‐based comparative studies of the relationships between front tooth use and craniodental features in modern humans. In this study, we seek to establish such a neontological baseline by exploring aspects of craniodental form among populations of recent humans that are inferred to have differed in habitual levels of ingestive and paramasticatory processing using the incisors. Morphometric data are compared among samples from three human populations: Aleutian Islanders (n=25); Arikara from the Mobridge Site, SD (n=19); and a late Woodland Bluff group from Jersey County, IL (n=24). Data for various biomechanically relevant dimensions were collected using standard callipers, while three‐dimensional (3D) coordinate data for 28 cranial landmarks were recorded using a video‐based image analysis system. These data indicate that several aspects of cranial form thought to influence the efficiency of force production on the incisors differ among the examined groups, including the positions and size of the primary masticatory muscles and the position of the dentition. For most dimensions, the Aleut sample exhibits the most mechanically advantageous configuration, the Illinois Bluff group the least advantageous configuration, while the Arikara are intermediate in form. This pattern corresponds to differences in the intensity of incisor loading among these groups, as inferred from both ethnographic reports and incisor microwear data. These results, therefore, suggest that cranial form in humans varies with subsistence‐related differences in masticatory force production and that quantitative studies of masticatory system configuration may provide useful information for studies of hominid palaeobiology. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. S. Gheggi 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2016,26(1):17-27
The time span ranging from ca. 900 to 1450 A.D. in the South‐Central Andes has been traditionally posited as a period of social unrest, political disintegration and large‐scale conflict due to, primarily, environmental causes. However, the osteological record of traumatic injuries in a sample of 223 adult and subadult crania from different areas of Northwest Argentina does not clearly correspond to the expected scenario of pervasive and formalized armed attacks. Cranial trauma prevalence in the sample is low (17.48%), and no statistically significant differences were met between the sexes. No differences were found when comparing trauma prevalence between settlements or regions, suggesting that location or function of the sites may not have influenced in trauma frequencies. This information more comfortably agrees with a scenario of conflict where several sources of violence may have caused the record of traumatic injuries (i.e. raids, ambushes, etc). These results serve to problematize how conflict is expected to be expressed in the archaeological record, especially in osseous human remains, what sources of violence may have generated the traumatic patterns observed and the intensity of conflict in this region in particular and in the pre‐Hispanic Andes in general. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献