一种油画颜料层裂纹的修复技术分析

油画颜料层裂纹是一种常见的病害类型,严重的裂纹会影响作品的视觉效果。裂纹修复所采取的措施应以缓解病害,延续寿命为目标,避免不当修复对其文物价值的改变。本研究通过红外光谱和便携式X荧光能谱分析,初步确定了裂纹产生的原因与材料技法和机械作用力有关,长期的温湿度波动则是最终形成老化裂纹的重要因素。对两类常见的裂纹加固方法比较后得出结论,色蜡改变了原画的光泽度和肌理层,动物胶调碳酸钙更适宜作为裂纹的填补材料。观察修复后的油画保存状况,发现经过修复的颜料层仍存在继续劣化的风险,必须维持保存环境的相对稳定,方可延长修复周期。     

On Skin and Bone: Samoan Coconut Oil in Indigenous Practice

ABSTRACT

International promotional material on coconut oil commonly references its centuries of use as a beauty and health aid by Pacific Islanders. However, this gesture towards Indigenous Pacific use of coconut oil is rarely accompanied by substantive information. This paper explores the topical application of coconut oil in three Indigenous Samoan practices: fofō, or massage by taulāsea and other forms of customary healers or medical attendants; samaga, the anointing with coconut oil of the newly inked pe‘a or malu to mark the completion of these customary tattoos; and liutofaga, the ritual ‘washing’ of the bones of a deceased relative with coconut oil prior to reinterment. This paper argues that there are interrelated practical, medicinal, and spiritual dimensions to Samoan uses of coconut oil, and that these are usefully understood through reference to Samoan conceptions of sociospatial relationship, or vā.     

The inclusion record of fluid evolution,crack healing and trapping from a heterogeneous system during rapid cooling of pegmatitic veins (Dronning Maud Land; Antarctica)

Granitoid (pegmatite and aplite) veins in metamorphic rocks and intrusive syenites of central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, are flanked by conspicuous light‐coloured alteration halos, which represent the damage zone of fracture propagation. The damage zone is characterized by a high density of sealed or healed microcracks, about 1 order of magnitude above background. Fluid inclusions along healed microcracks in quartz of both pegmatite and alteration halos are inspected by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and their composition is analysed by microthermometry and quadrupole mass spectrometry. The similar inclusion record in the granitoid vein and in the damaged host rock indicates the derivation of the fluids from the hydrous melt phase. The aqueous inclusions bear abundant daughter crystals, mainly silicates, and may represent a hydrous melt. The volatile composition is variable in the system H₂O–CO₂, with mostly subordinate amounts of N₂. Phase separation with partitioning of CO₂ into the fluid phase coexisting with the hydrous melt, and possibly immiscibility in the subsolidus range, govern fluid evolution during cooling. The variable CO₂/N₂ ratio suggests mixing with fluids from an external source in the host rock and vigorous circulation at an early stage of high transient permeability. Experiments have shown that healing of microcracks at high temperatures is a matter of hours to weeks, hence similar in time scale to the cooling of the cm‐ to dm‐thick granitoid veins. In this case, rapid cooling and concomitant crack healing in a system undergoing phase separation causes a broad compositional variability of the inclusions due to necking down, and the underpressure developing in closed compartments precludes a meaningful thermobarometric interpretation.     

前视全景钻孔电视在龙门石窟防渗工程中的应用

影响龙门石窟雕刻艺术品长期保存的主要病害是渗水,卸荷裂隙往往切割洞窟、隙宽较大而成为洞窟渗水的主要通道。为查明洞窟卸荷裂隙的分布位置,最可靠的方法是在现场进行水平钻探。但受钻探施工的干扰,钻孔岩芯可能在钻探取芯的过程中造成折断或破裂,钻孔取芯率也会相对较低,因而仅靠观测岩芯难以确定卸荷裂隙的准确部位。为此,采用有潜在价值的钻孔电视方法,以识别不同的岩层,确定裂隙的分布情况及裂隙中的充填物。研究结果表明钻孔电视在龙门石窟防渗工程中取得成功的应用,说明这是一种值得在岩土文物保护工程中推广应用的新技术。     

Post-conflict heritage: symbolic healing and cultural renewal

Heritage is invoked for post-conflict development by international organisations, governments, and sub-national groups to provide emotional and cultural, including economic, healing for individuals and societies. However, academic critiques of healing-heritage typically cite the failure of heritage to heal, either because it cannot, or because it is managed incorrectly. Thus, an anomalous situation exists between expectations and critiques, which this study describes and explores through international policies and national and sub-national post-conflict healing-heritage initiatives from Rwanda and Uganda. Drawing on concepts of heritage as a cultural process, cultural trauma, and symbolic healing, this study proposes that heritage is neither an essentially positive nor negative post-conflict development strategy to select or avoid respectively. Instead, heritage is better understood as a common element of post-conflict renewal, which becomes intensified as the past is aggressively negotiated to provide healing related to conflict traumas. By moving beyond the ‘does heritage heal or hurt?’ distraction the meaning and function of heritage in post-conflict contexts as a common element of post-conflict healing complexes is elucidated. The implication for those who wish to manage post-conflict development through heritage is that they are just the latest in a long history of symbolic healers, from whom they have a lot to learn.     

La mobilité forcée des personnes utilisatrices de drogue par injection et inhalation en situation d'itinérance à Montréal

This article focuses on the various actors in the urban setting who contribute to the increase in the forced mobility of homeless injection drug users and crack smokers in Montréal, Canada. The objective is to analyze who these actors are and how they contribute to increasing this forced mobility from the perspective of homeless injection drug users and crack smokers in relation to three needs : basic needs, acquisition of financial resources, and drug use. One hundred and six semi-structured interviews were conducted among this population. The results indicate that various actors—police officers, community organization, peers, municipal administration, storekeepers, and residents—contribute to the forced mobility of this population in their daily activities. As for their needs, it is when they use drugs, sleep, or loiter that they are more likely to experience events of forced mobility. Police officers are by far the actors who contribute the most to this, often in a repressive way. The role of the municipality is also a determining factor in the daily activities of homeless injection drug users and crack smokers.     

A Procedure to Investigate the Collapse Behavior of Masonry Domes: Some Meaningful Cases

Masonry domes represent an important part of the architectural heritage. However, the literature about domes analysis seems less consistent than that referred to other masonry structures. The collapses that have happened in recent years as a consequence of seismic actions or lack of maintenance show the need for detailed studies. Here a limit analysis to evaluate the masonry domes behavior is presented. An algorithm based on the kinematic approach has been developed to evaluate the geometric position of the hinges that determine the minimum collapse load multiplier. The proposed procedure is validated by a comparison with some meaningful cases—the collapse of Anime Sante Church in L’Aquila, the collapse of San Nicolò Cathedral in Noto, the crack pattern of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane Church in Rome, and the analysis developed on Hagia Sofia in Istanbul. The comparison with real cases shows a good agreement between the model results and the phenomenological crack patterns.     

Rapid Diagnosis of Crack Patterns of Masonry Buildings Subjected to Landslide-Induced Settlements by Using the Load Path Method

One of the main difficulties, when dealing with landslide structural vulnerability, is the diagnosis of the causes of the crack pattern. This is also due to the excessive complexity of models based on classical structural mechanics that makes them inappropriate especially when there is the necessity to perform a rapid vulnerability assessment at the territorial scale. This is why in this article a new approach for the rapid diagnosis of crack patterns of masonry buildings subjected to landslide-induced settlements is proposed. This approach is based on the Load Path Method, recently applied to the interpretation of the behavior of masonry buildings subjected to landslide-induced settlements.     

Travelling tales and migratory meanings: South Asian migrant women talk of place,health and healing

Geographers are bringing together narrative approaches and insights from cultural and feminist geography in building a body of work that examines the links between health, place and culture. This paper follows this direction in examining accounts of health and illness of South Asian migrant women living in British Columbia, Canada, using data from semi-structured interviews and a set of in-depth group interviews. The intent of the study was to explore how traditional medicine and indigenous medicine, as subjugated knowledges, were in tension or integrated with western medicine in the women's approaches to keeping healthy and managing illness. Analysis of the accounts shows intricate relationships among the body, food, place and identity. It is argued that these relationships are integral to the ongoing constitution of subjectivities and place in the context of the rapidly growing urban centres of the study. The paper concludes with comment on how this type of analysis of health and illness ‘talk’ de-medicalizes immigrants’ health behaviour, instead placing it within wider issues of integration and inclusion confronting racialized immigrant groups.

Les récits de voyage et les significations migratoires: des femmes immigrées de l'Asie du Sud s'entretiennent sur le lieu, la santé et la guérison

femmes immigrées, santé, alimentation, guérison traditionnelle, lieu, identité

Les géographes combinent des approches fondées sur le récit et des connaissances issues d'un corpus en géographie culturelle et féministe élaboré afin d'étudier les rapports entre la santé, le lieu et la culture. Dans cette foulée, l'article poursuit par une étude de récits sur la santé et la maladie tenus par des femmes immigrées de l'Asie du Sud et installées en Colombie Britannique (Canada). Les données sont tirées des résultats d'entrevues semi structurées et d'une série d'entrevues en profondeur menées en groupe. L'étude avait pour objectif d'explorer de quelles façons la médecine traditionnelle et la médecine indigène, définies comme des connaissances subjuguées, sont mises en tension ou intégrées à la médecine occidentale par les moyens déployés par les femmes pour se maintenir en santé et gérer la maladie. L'analyse des récits permet de montrer des relations complexes entre le corps, les aliments, le lieu et l'identité. Il est suggéré que ces relations sont indispensables à l'élaboration continuelle des subjectivités et du lieu dans un contexte d'étude caractérisé par une urbanisation rapide. En conclusion, l'article propose des commentaires sur la manière dont ce genre d'analyse de «discussion» sur la santé et la maladie permet de démédicaliser les comportements de santé des immigrants et plutôt de la situer par rapport aux enjeux plus considérables concernant l'intégration et l'insertion de groupes d'immigrants racialisés.

Cuentos de viaje y significados migratorios: mujeres inmigrantes del sur de Asia hablan de lugar, salud y curas

mujer inmigrante, salud, comida, curas tradicionales, lugar, identidad

Los geógrafos han juntado enfoques e ideas narrativos de las geografías de cultura y feminismo para crear un conjunto de trabajo que examina los vínculos entre salud, lugar y cultura. Este papel sigue esta dirección al examinar relatos de salud y enfermedad de las mujeres inmigrantes del sur de Asia que viven en British Columbia, Canadá. Hace uso de información recopilada de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y de entrevistas exhaustivas con grupos de mujeres. El objetivo del estudio era explorar la manera en que la medicina tradicional y la medicina indígena, como conocimientos subyugados, estaban en conflicto con, o integraban con la medicina occidental en cuanto al modo en que las mujeres mantenían la salud y trataban las enfermedades. El análisis de los relatos indica relaciones intricadas entre el cuerpo, la comida, lugar e identidad. Se sugiere que estas relaciones son esenciales a la constitución de subjetividades y lugar que continúa en el contexto de los centros urbanos cada vez más grandes donde tuvo lugar la investigación. El papel concluye con un comentario sobre el modo en que este tipo de análisis del diálogo sobre salud y enfermedad saca del campo de la medicina el comportamiento de las inmigrantes con relación a su salud, juntándolo con cuestiones más amplias de integración e inclusión que los grupos de inmigrantes racializados enfrentan.     

Changes in fluid pathways in a calcite vein mesh (Natih Formation,Oman Mountains): insights from stable isotopes

We present a structural, microstructural, and stable isotope study of a calcite vein mesh within the Cretaceous Natih Formation in the Oman Mountains to explore changes in fluid pathways during vein formation. Stage 1 veins form a mesh of steeply dipping crack‐seal extension veins confined to a 3.5‐m‐thick stratigraphic interval. Different strike orientations of Stage 1 veins show mutually crosscutting relationships. Stage 2 veins occur in the dilatant parts of a younger normal fault interpreted to penetrate the stratigraphy below. The δ¹⁸O composition of the host rock ranges from 21.8‰ to 23.7‰. The δ¹³C composition ranges from 1.5‰ to 2.3‰. This range is consistent with regionally developed diagenetic alteration at top of the Natih Formation. The δ¹⁸O composition of vein calcite varies from 22.5‰ to 26.2‰, whereas δ¹³C composition ranges from ?0.8‰ to 2.1‰. A first trend observed in Stage 1 veins involves a decrease of δ¹³C to compositions nearly 1.3‰ lower than the host rock, whereas δ¹⁸O remains constant. A second trend observed in Stage 2 calcite has δ¹⁸O values up to 3.3‰ higher than the host rock, whereas the δ¹³C composition is similar. Stable isotope data and microstructures indicate an episodic flow regime for both stages. During Stage 1, formation of a stratabound vein mesh involved bedding‐parallel flow, under near‐lithostatic fluid pressures. The ¹⁸O fluid composition was host rock‐buffered, whereas ¹³C composition was relatively depleted. This may reflect reaction of low ¹³C CO₂ derived by fluid interaction with organic matter in the limestones. Stage 2 vein formation is associated with fault‐controlled fluid flow accessing fluids in equilibrium with limestones about 50 m beneath. We highlight how evolution of effective stress states and the growth of faults influence the hydraulic connectivity in fracture networks and we demonstrate the value of stable isotopes in tracking changes in fluid pathways.