史前先民的头饰习俗

依据考古发掘和文献资料,认为史前先民对头部的装饰手法多种多样,这在一定程度上反映了早期人类审美意识及淳朴的原始宗教信仰的多样化,同时也说明了古人对美的追求并非有了丰厚的物质条件才萌生的。     

鸠·鸠杖·鸠车

鸠杖、鸠车在汉代甚为流行。对于这一文化现象,作者在对鸠的原始造型及其文化含义作简要分析的基础上,进一步剖析鸠杖、鸠车在汉代受到青眯的原因,指出鸠杖、鸠车流行于汉代是当时尊老爱幼之风甚盛的物质体现。     

楚式镇墓兽研究

本文主要介绍了目前楚式镇墓兽的研究情况.根据目前可见的考古发掘资料,作者考察了335座镇墓兽的具体情况,并从时间差异、地区差异、等级差异三个方面进行了研究,初步分析了出现这种变化的原因.文章分析了鹿角、头身、底座三个基本部分的内涵和意义,认为随葬镇墓兽是用来镇墓辟邪,它就是楚人崇拜的驱蛇辟邪的镇墓之神.     

江苏日伪县知事县长群体分析

沦陷时期江苏苏中、苏南地区的伪县知事、县长在清乡(1942年)前后有较大的变化。清乡前大多由地方上的耆老、商会会长等头面人物担任,清乡后则主要是由日伪政权机关任命的较为年轻者组成,且相当一部分人出身行伍。清乡前日伪中央政权及省政府并不能有效控制县级政权,之后其控制范围也仅囿于苏南各县;而日本占领者对县级政权的人员任免和控制程度正好与伪中央政权相反。     

《楚辞》“首身离兮心不惩”辨析

本文就《楚辞》名篇《国殇》中的名句“首身离兮心不惩”阐述了“身首分离”的内容和这一恒语产生的基础以及它在《国殇》中的意义。     

Hard core and cutting edge: experimental manufacture and use of Magdalenian composite projectile tips

The technology of the European Upper Palaeolithic yielded abundant evidence of the use of composite projectile heads, in the form of osseous points on the side of which one or several (micro)lithic elements are attached. Yet, little experimental work has been devoted to testing and assessing the parameters of use of this type of composite tips. In this paper we present a pilot experiment with replicas of Magdalenian composite spear tips, made of an antler point with one or two rows of flint backed bladelets. Two series of replicas were manufactured after the lithic and osseous record of, respectively, the Lower Magdalenian from southwest France (c. 20–18 Ky cal BP) and the Upper Magdalenian of Pincevent in the Paris Basin (c. 15–14 Ky cal BP). The 34 experimental composite heads were hafted to spears that were then shot with a spearthrower at the carcasses of two young deer. The results provide some insight into the performance characteristics of the osseous and lithic components, both in efficiency and durability. Finally, possible improvements of the experimental protocol are discussed, as well as the implications of our results for the understanding of projectile point variability in the Upper Palaeolithic.     

楚史书《梼杌》的名源与三星堆青铜人头像性质考

《孟子·离娄下》所说楚国史书《梼杌》的名称来源是来自南方楚国先祖祭主的名称,古代把圆木柱称作"梼杌"并用来作为先祖祭主,后来便称记载先祖历史的史书也叫做"梼杌"。套在圆木桩上的三星堆青铜人头像与成都金沙木雕彩绘人头像的形制一样,本为南方古国的圆木桩形制的先祖"梼杌",其性质是用来祭祀先祖的祭主。"梼杌"是长江流域巴蜀楚地以断木做成的先祖祭主之状,而青铜立人像是木质先祖祭主的仿制品,青铜人头像用青铜做成再套在断木之上的先祖祭主。     

中原所见三代权杖(头)及相关问题的思考

以往的研究认为,权杖在传入中国的最初阶段,只是游弋于华夏边缘,中原王朝似乎并未接受这一外来文化特质。本文梳理了以往在河南、山西和陕西考古发现的权杖(头),发现这些权杖均出自三代时期王畿内的高等级墓葬,其使用者包括诸侯国国君、国君夫人、高官、军事首领或高等贵族。从而证明,夏、商、周时期部分社会高层已接纳权杖,并将其与中国传统礼仪器具中的斧钺、青铜礼器并列,共同构成象征王权和身份等级的标志物。这一新认识对深化早期东西文化交流的研究具有重要意义。     

Boards and Cords: Discriminating Types of Artificial Cranial Deformation in Prehispanic South Central Andean Populations

For over a century, a number of ambiguous typologies have been employed to distinctly categorise types of artificial cranial deformation. This paper provides a quantitative method, based on multiple dimensions and discriminant function analysis, by which to assign skulls not only into discrete categories: deformed or not, but also by type: annular or tabular. A series of prehispanic, adult, human crania (n = 469) from archaeological sites in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru represented by both normal and artificially deformed specimens, provide craniometric data for four measurements across the vault: maximum cranial length, breadth and height and the frontal chord. These data are used to develop three indices which in turn are used to compute two discriminant functions. Results are plotted on a territorial map whereby the type of deformity can be determined. When these methods were applied to a comparative cranial sample of nondeformed skulls from South America, 100% of the samples was found to be nondeformed. When these methods were applied to the samples which were subjectively classified a priori by the first author as nondeformed, 81.3% of the samples were found to be nondeformed. This study demonstrates the value of a more objective and quantitative method by which to classify artificial cranial deformation, and thus provides a new approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

REPORT The British Contribution to the Neurosciences

The evolution of techniques to manage patients with head injuries has served as the basis for the treatment of other neurosurgical disorders, including brain tumors, intracranial infections, and cerebrovascular disease. In the nineteenth century, advances in anesthesia, asepsis, and cerebral localization slowly took hold and created the groundwork for modern neurosurgery. To better understand the advances in the treatment of brain injuries in the late 1800s and early 1900s, we examine relevant historical literature and, through the courtesy of the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, we review Dr. Harvey Cushing's patient records (1898–1909) in the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical archives. The original case histories of 10 patients (6 in detail) who suffered head injuries and underwent treatment by Cushing illustrate some of Cushing's early attempts at intracranial surgery. We also examine the influences on Cushing as he developed into a leader in the new era of modern neurosurgery.