IS THERE A NEW ‘TRUST’ IN INNER SCANDINAVIA? EVIDENCE FROM CROSS‐BORDER PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE

Inner Scandinavia is one of the Swedish‐Norwegian INTERREG‐A three sub‐programmes, and has been working in operationalizing cross‐border projects in the border area since 1994. To date, several cross‐border strategies have been implemented, one for each programming period of the INTERREG‐A programme. This article investigates whether these strategies can be regarded as a type of cross‐border planning mechanism in promoting territorial development of the border region. It does so by developing a typology, which captures the essentials of spatial planning, against the background of which the article also analyses Inner Scandinavia governance structures, which involves a whole set of interconnected territorial partnerships between five border counties: Hedmark, Østfold, Akershus (Norway), Värmland and Dalarna (Sweden). Here, the main goal is to see if the Inner Scandinavia governance structure, which was recently altered by the inclusion of the Hedmark–Dalarna cross‐border committee, also known as TRUST, is favourable to the implementation of a genuine and long‐term cross‐border spatial plan, with the ultimate goal of reducing the barrier effect and improving the territorial capital along the cross‐border region. Project dokuments and interviews indicate that the existing cross‐border governance model in Inner Scandinavia, led by the INTERREG‐A Steering Committee, produced substantial progresses in reducing the barrier effect, in all its dimensions, and in supporting the territorial development across the border area. Consequently, the role of other cross‐border governance structures should be confined to promoting the active involvement and mobilization of local and regional actors in the cross‐border cooperation process, and in implementing several cross‐border projects with local/regional significance.     

高星级酒店转换壁垒对顾客再购意向的影响研究——兼论顾客承诺的中介作用

顾客满意只能部分解释顾客再购意向。转换壁垒的有效设置可以帮助高星级酒店更好地留住顾客,提升顾客对酒店的利润贡献度和关系嵌入度。本文在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,以高星级酒店顾客为研究对象,深入探讨了转换壁垒对顾客再购意向的影响。数据分析结果显示,转换壁垒可以划分为程序类、财务类和关系类转换壁垒这三个维度,验证了这一研究结论在酒店业的有效性;关系类转换壁垒对顾客再购意向有着显著的直接正向影响,同时关系类转换壁垒通过情感性承诺间接影响顾客再购意向;程序类转换壁垒与财务类转换壁垒对顾客再购意向没有显著的直接影响,然而,这两类转换壁垒通过顾客承诺间接影响顾客再购意向。     

Possible rheumatoid arthritis found in the human skeleton collected from the tomb of Joseon Dynasty,Korea, dating back to the 1700s AD

We report a possible rheumatoid arthritis (RA) case found in a Korean Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) tomb encapsulated by a lime‐soil mixture barrier (LSMB). The tomb is thought to have been constructed during the 1700s AD (1760 AD by carbon dating). In our anthropological examination, joint destruction, erosion or fusion (signs of polyarthritis) were identified mainly in the peripheral skeleton. Especially in both sides of the wrist bones, severe destruction/joint fusion possibly caused by polyarthritis was observed. A similar polyarthritis pattern also was seen in the right foot bones, even though we failed to confirm this symmetry due to the missing left foot bones. Despite these findings, signs suggestive of polyarthritis are very rarely seen in axial bones, even though bony fusions are found in the atlanto‐occipital joint or thoracic vertebrae (TV) 9–10. By the osteological signs observed in this case, the individual, a female, might have been suffering from a very late stage of RA and died in her 40s, even though other forms of chronic arthritis could not be ruled out completely. Though the current case could not provide evidence to decisively settle the debates on the antiquity of RA, our report could be a stepping stone for forthcoming studies on RA cases found in East Asian countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sources of Damasios Error A Reply to Damasio

Lina Stern (1878–1968), a neurophysiologist and biochemist, was born in Russia. She studied at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, where, after graduating, she conducted original research in physiology and biochemistry. In 1918, Stern was the first woman to be awarded a professional title at the University of Geneva and headed the department of Physiological Chemistry. She is deservedly considered to be one of the first scientists to entertain the concept of a blood-brain barrier. In 1929, Stern founded the Institute of Physiology in Moscow, of which she was director until 1948, when it was discontinued. Under her leadership, multidisciplinary groups of colleagues worked on the problems of the blood-brain and tissue-brain barriers and homeostasis of the brain. In 1939, Stern was elected full member of the Academy of Sciences and became its first female member ever.

Most scientists manage to conduct their research by adjusting to the political and social situations surrounding them. Lina Stern did not follow this path. This small woman of complete devotion to science took the drastic decisions that altered her life. Though destiny was not kind to her, Lina Stern did not compromise. Despite a threat of execution, prolonged imprisonment, and exile she was never broken as a scientist and always maintained her dignity.     

上海市民休闲行为研究

笔者采用问卷与访谈的调研方式,对上海市民日常休闲行为进行调查。比较了市民在工作日与双休日中休闲活动的分布情况,对不同年龄、职业、性别的上海市民的休闲偏好、休闲时间、休闲花费和休闲态度进行了较详细的分析,并列举出6种阻碍上海市民休闲的因素,从而揭示出上海市民休闲活动的现状。     

中国区域性旅游障碍研究探析

建设无障碍旅游区是中国区域旅游合作纵深发展的必然成果,其关键在于消除区域性的"旅游障碍"。然而当前国内对区域旅游障碍的研究却较少有。从研究分析来看,行之不畅不爽、信息不对称、服务疲软、管理的地方化倾向是区域性旅游障碍的主要表现形式。本文以为,区域性旅游障碍的形成和发展,是与地方政府行为质量、市场诚信发育程度、信息交流技术平台等因素密切相关的。消除区域性旅游障碍,必须切实提高地方政府组织区域旅游经济的行政作为质量,进一步规范市场竞争秩序、推进诚信建设,提高旅游企业素质和服务质量,完善区域间旅游交通的便捷性与信息交流的技术平台,促进中国区域旅游和谐发展。     

从“障”到“瘴”:“瘴气”说生成的地理空间基础

瘴气研究是目前环境史、疾病史研究的热点,但以往研究没有解决的问题是,为什么南方的环境疾病被一致书写为"瘴",而不是别的某种表述?"瘴"原作"障","障"字在东汉中后叶(127-200年)已具备描述环境疾病的功能。"瘴"字则可能出现在西晋至南朝刘宋初年的一段时期,或许是从"障"的俗字——""演变而来。从字源、字义与文字的表达意象来看,"障气"之"障"凝结了空间阻隔意象与边疆意象,这一概念的生成与广泛使用,则体现出中原汉文化强烈的地域意识。     

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis cases found in Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection of Korea

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a disorder showing hyperostosis of the spinal column and ossification of extraspinal ligaments or tendons. The prevalence of DISH has been found to be higher in historic peoples of the upper‐ and ruling classes, and in fact was closely correlative with nutritional and high‐caloric diets. DISH is also known to be a function of genetic factors; as such, there have been very few cases of DISH found among the specimens of Asian skeletal collections. In our osteoarchaeological study on the Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection (JDHSC), we found four DISH instances among the 96 cases (4.17%) we examined. This prevalence is not so different from those discovered in already‐published studies on collections in Europe and other regions. However, as already stated, it must be considered that most of the JDHSC individuals we examined were remains of people from the highest social classes of 16th–18th century Joseon society. Therefore, when collections from medieval European monastic sites, the appropriate control from well‐fed populations, were used for comparison, the prevalence of DISH was found to be far lower among the JDHSC. Reports on DISH from examinations of collections in Asian countries have been spotty, leaving gaps in the social‐strata spectrum. Further researches into the prevalence of DISH among the different social strata of ancient or medieval Asian peoples are still required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Evolution of a Holocene Estuarine Barrier on the Coromandel Coast,New Zealand

Whitianga Harbour on the Coromandel Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand is fronted by a broad sandy barrier composed of linear beach ridges. The barrier developed through a process of rollover as sea level rose in the early Holocene with shelly sandy sediment washed inland over estuarine muds. These overwash deposits are present to 3 m below sea level in the back barrier area. Once sea level stabilised and barrier rollover had ceased the barrier continued to prograde in a series of beach ridges. The back barrier area is characterised by estuarine muds, overlain by splay and overwash deposits that are reworked by fluvial and tidal channels. The initial flooding of the estuary occurred at around 7350–7225 years cal BP, reaching modern levels by 6894–6729 years cal BP at the earliest. Infill was rapid as evidenced by estuarine species (crustaceans and bivalves) preserved in life position. From ～6000 years BP to present, the estuary is characterised by tidal and fluvial reworking, suggesting that modern sediment inputs are bypassing the estuary.     

Migrant household homeownership outcomes in large Chinese cities - the sustained impact of hukou

Homeownership by migrant households in large Chinese cities is increasingly evident and sometimes blamed for driving up local housing prices. Hukou reform grants local hukou to migrants in small cities while it allows large cities to set up hukou entry barriers to control migration. This paper explores whether migrant households’ micro-level characteristics and macro-level urban policies relating to hukou reform have any impact on their housing tenure choices. Using data from a 2009 survey of migrant households in six large cities, this study adopts logistic regression models to examine factors influencing labor migrant households’ tenure decisions. We find that household income and head of household hukou type, contribution to pension fund, and enrollment in health insurance all positively predict homeownership. Migrant households are more likely to be found in cities with larger population size. We argue that city entry barriers create new forms of institutional haves and have-nots and new forms of inequality. The sustained impact of previous hukou types suggests inherited inequalities through intergenerational wealth transfer, which calls for targeted welfare policies to mediate.