Ming dynasty maritime provisions transport during the second stage of the East Asian War (1597–98)

Abstract

This article discusses the issue of the Ming army's maritime shipping of supplies during the second stage of the East Asian War of 1597–8. Despite the lack of historical sources and difficulty in finding accurate numbers, Zhang Yangmeng's 張養蒙 memorials include records of maritime transport decisions, implementation, effectiveness, and limitations and are of great help to filling in the blank areas of research in Ming army logistics.     

The historical narrative of the Wanli Korean campaign in the Qing Official Ming History

Abstract

The Ming History (明史 Mingshi) by Qing official historians took more than 90 years to complete, and Wan Sitong's 萬斯同 Draft Ming History (明史稿 Mingshi gao), Wang Hongxu's 王鴻緒 Draft Ming History, and the Ming History palace edition overseen by Zhang Tingyu 張廷玉 were the most important histories of the Ming over its different stages of compilation. Wan Sitong gave much attention to the writing of history in the biographies from the Wanli Korea Campaign, Wang Hongxu did not give them much attention, and Zhang Tingyu repudiated and even negated them. In Zhang Tingyu's Ming History, the Annals of Shenzong (神宗本紀 Shenzong benji) set the tone of repudiating the Korea campaign. Due to their clan, the Bozhou Campaign (播州之役 Bozhou zhiyi), or the Liaodong Incident (遼東事變 Liaodong shibian), nearly none of the Ming generals from the eastern expedition to Korea were given biographies due to their participation in the Korean War. The History of the Choson (朝鮮傳 Chaoxian zhuan) gives a negative evaluation that denies or undervalues relevant people and battles. On the one hand, this was due to the influence of historical sources. Due to Yang Gao’s 楊鎬 responsibility for defeat in the Battle of Saerhu 薩 爾 滸 之 役, the compilers of the Veritable Records of Ming Shenzong (明神宗實錄 Ming Shenzong shilu) followed the account of Ding Yingtai 丁應泰 in their records and denied the accomplishments of Yang Gao and the Ming army in Korea. On the other hand, due to real political needs, as the commanders of the eastern expedition to Korea later became the military rival of the Later Jin in Liaodong, an attitude of denial had to be adopted against them to create legitimacy for the Qing dynasty. These were the two main factors that determined the way in which the Qing official Ming History wrote the history of the Wanli Korean War.     

论章士钊的调和史观

20世纪一二十年代,章士钊提出了调和史观。该历史观认为,“调和”是差异协同与对立统一,是宇宙运动的基本规律。正是社会各因素“调和”的作用,社会历史运动呈现承续性、渐变性、循环性的特点。从调和史观出发,章士钊主张人在社会政治生活中要做到宽容与妥协。     

张昭远与五代史籍

张昭远是五代时期才、学、识兼备的史家,他参预了多朝实录的编纂,这些实录成为后人撰写五代历史的基本资料;在《旧唐书》的修撰中,张昭远也发挥了至关重要的作用。     

古章草书与《出师颂》

章草书,广义而言是汉代通行的隶书草写法;狭义而言是在隶草的基础上进而规范化的一种专门书体。章草书盛行于东汉末期,历经魏晋时代而渐成衰势,隋唐以后罕有书者。故宫博物院新近征得的原藏清宫并著录于《石渠宝笈》的隋人书《出师颂》恰恰弥补了章草书发展末期的历史空缺。本文简述章草书之由来以及古代章草书家的简况,以便读者从中了解隋人书《出师颂》的历史和艺术价值。     

盘庚迁都新议

盘庚迁殷,以往大多数学者认为是自奄迁于今之安阳洹南之殷墟,即今之小屯村一带.然而在今之洹南的考古发掘中,很难找到盘庚、小辛、小乙三王时期的文化遗存和遗物.随着考古发掘的扩大和发展,我们认为,盘庚始迁为漳南洹北的殷墟,历经小辛、小乙时期,至武丁时,都城稍稍南移,遂移至今洹南殷墟.盘庚始迁之漳南洹北,文献上称之为漳南之商丘,又可称亳、称殷.它与洹南之殷墟合则称之为殷(后世称之为殷墟),析则分别称亳与殷.由于盘庚、小辛、小乙居洹北仅二十多年,析称的史实遂被“二百七十三年更不徙都“的记载所湮没,致使人们忽略了盘庚始迁的这段历史.     

洛阳新发现唐天宝三载石幢考释

2016年8月,洛阳匾额博物馆前施工时挖出一件唐代石幢的幢身,据其刻铭可知,该石幢立于唐天宝三载(744年),为彭城县尉张悌所立,其上所刻经文为《佛说业报差别经·施灯明功德品》。经考证,该石幢应为唐代佛寺灯台的幢形灯身。此外,张悌为比丘尼之"养男"的身份也为同类刻铭中少见,为研究唐人的日常生活提供了重要的实物材料。     

再论“张昂监造”贡瓷的烧造年代——兼与李放先生商榷

1997年底,江西省文物考古研究所在景德镇湖田窑豪猪岭宋代地层发掘出土了一块外底刻有“迪功郎浮梁县丞臣张昂措置监造”铭的青瓷瓶底。对这块瓶底刻铭的考证,关系宋代景德镇湖田窑的贡瓷地位与年代问题。本文从这块刻铭瓶底的出土地层及其共存遗物、历史文献中有关张昂的史料记载、宋代官制中关于迪功郎官阶的设置、关于县丞职位的设置等方面对张昂以迪功郎官阶出任浮梁县丞一职的时代展开全面探讨,得出张昂在景德镇监造贡瓷的时代约在北宋政和六年(1116)至重和元年(1119)短短三年之内的结论。     

严复与晚清幕府

甲午战争前后李鸿章、张之洞幕府相互倾轧,严复在两者之间艰难抉择。李鸿章及其幕府遭张謇等弹劾,严复始有投奔张之洞幕府的想法。在李鸿章幕府内部,又有“闽党”与“浙人”之争。在内部斗争形势变化,地位岌岌可危的情况下,严复著译以“立言”,剖析李鸿章幕府弊端及在战败中应承担的责任。严复发表《辟韩》,从君臣之义上对甲午战败进行反思,而张之洞命作《〈辟韩〉驳论》,严复与张之洞交恶。严复针对张之洞的“中体西用”文化观,提出中体有中用,西体有西用;还抨击张之洞师法日本之“新学”及对“西学”的偏见,谴责张之洞干预教育制度。严、张交恶既有派系之鸿沟,又有“西学”、“东学”之分歧。严复作为政治家在李鸿章幕府并无过人之处,与经世立业相比,严复在著述立言上的功绩较为引人瞩目,这与晚清倡导新学分不开。严复等在李鸿章幕府中倡导“学新”,形成有别于张之洞及其幕府倡导“东学”的价值趋向。     

论张謇的"无终山都邑"式社会理想

因兴办工业企业而获得成功的张謇按照他的理想 ,自清末起在南通开始营造一个“新世界”。民国初年 ,这一有着“新村落”等数种称谓的“新世界”吸引了国内外社会的较多关注 ,而又得“模范”之称。张謇所设计的这一理想社会的源头是汉末田子泰经营的“无终山都邑” ,张謇将其演绎成自己的“村落主义”和地方自治。随着张謇对海外世界的进一步了解 ,他在其社会理想中增添了来自于西方的内容 ,但他始终没有放弃过从早年起就奉为圭臬的田子泰式的村落主义。也正是由于这一社会理想的制约 ,张謇设计和经营的近代自治社会没有实现民主化和法治化 ,而专权式的自治窒息了社会活力 ,再加上其它因素 ,最终影响了社会的经济基础 ,阻碍了南通早期现代化的进程。