饱水木质文物的风冷干燥脱水研究

许多出土饱水木质文物因其降解严重、含水率较高,容易在脱水过程中出现不可逆的收缩变形以及开裂现象,从而遭到严重破坏。因此,饱水木质文物脱水方法的研究是文物保护工作中的重要课题。为探究风冷冷冻法对饱水木质文物脱水的效果,以一批无法复原的出土饱水木质文物为研究对象,在对其材种、含水率、基本密度及化学成分进行了测定和分析后,使用一台风冷电冰箱在-18℃条件下对样品进行了风冷干燥脱水处理,记录脱水时间和脱水效果,并分析了该方法的传质传热特点,证明了风冷干燥法用于饱水木质文物的脱水干燥能够取得良好效果,并且具有对文物干预小、适用性广、操作简便、成本低廉等优点,为饱水木质文物的脱水处理提供了一种新的思路。     

Emerging vacuums of strategic planning: an exploration of reforms in Finnish spatial planning

The paper offers a theory-based evaluation of the ongoing reforms in the Finnish spatial planning regime. The paper argues that Finnish planning is moving in a reactive and market-driven direction. This development is not being brought about solely through a direct decrease in public discretionary powers in planning, but is also unfolding indirectly through a process of rescaling in the spatial planning regime. These processes increase municipal autonomy in relation to other planning scales, despite problems observed in the municipality-centred market-driven planning orientation. The resulting reduction in manoeuvring room in public planning is conceptualized in the paper as expanding vacuums of strategic planning. Building on concepts from the literature on state transformation theory and scale theory, the paper draws together theoretical and empirical conclusions from several case studies conducted in close-to-administration projects.     

Capillary Active Interior Insulation Systems for Wall Retrofitting: A More Nuanced Story

To thermally upgrade exterior masonry walls, interior insulation is often the only possible retrofitting technique, especially when dealing with historic buildings. Unfortunately, it is also the riskiest post-insulation technique, as frost damage, interstitial condensation, and other damage patterns might be induced. To diminish those risks, nowadays so-called capillary active interior insulation systems are often promoted. These systems aim a minimal reduction of the inward drying potential, while interstitial condensation is buffered.

Currently, several capillary active systems are on sale. These different types have, however, widely varying properties. In this article, a closer look at the hygrothermal properties and the working principle of a number of “capillary active” interior insulation systems is made. The spread in capillary absorption coefficients and the vapor diffusion resistances of the different systems is discussed and their influence is illustrated. Based on all this, a more nuanced view on capillary active insulation systems is pursued.

Abbreviations: AC: aerated concrete; CaSi: calcium silicate; GM: glue mortar; GB: gypsum board; HAMFEM: Heat Air and Moisture Finite Element Method; MW: mineral wool; PE: polyethylene; PIR: polyisocyanurate; PUR: polyurethane; VIP: vacuum insulation panel; WFB: wood fiber board; XPS: extruded polystyrene; sd_dry: dry vapor diffusion resistance factor; µ_dry: dry vapor diffusion resistance     

Energy use by Eem Neanderthals

An analysis of energy use by Neanderthals in Northern Europe during the mild Eem interglacial period is carried out with consideration of the metabolic energy production required for compensating energy losses during sleep, at daily settlement activities and during hunting expeditions, including transport of food from slain animals back to the settlement. Additional energy sources for heat, security and cooking are derived from fireplaces in the open or within shelters such as caves or huts. The analysis leads to insights not available from archaeological findings that are mostly limited to durable items such as those made of stone: Even during the benign Eem period, Neanderthals faced a considerable heat-loss problem. Wearing tailored clothes or some similar measure was necessary for survival. An animal skin across the shoulder would not have sufficed to survive even average cold winter temperatures and body cooling by convection caused by wind. Clothes and particularly footwear had to be sewn together tightly in order to prevent intrusion of water or snow. The analysis of hunting activity evolvement in real time further shows that during summer warmth, transport of meat back to the base settlement would not be possible without some technique to avoid that the meat rots. The only likely technique is meat drying at the killing site, which indicates further skills in Neanderthal societies that have not been identified by other routes of investigation.     

青海汉代漆奁的脱水报告

采用聚乙二醇滴渗喷涂、真空冷冻干燥等浸饱水漆木器的脱水处理方法,对北方干燥地区槽朽漆木器进行了脱水保存。处理后器物尺寸稳定,色泽良好,保持了原貌。     

书画装裱材料——宣纸形稳定性的研究

为了加强纸质物的保护,对书画装裱材料宣纸的湿形稳性变化规律进行了研究。通过对不同条件下干燥方法对宣纸形变影响的研究,对纸张变形的原因进行了探讨。实验结果表明,宣纸具有随湿度变形的特性,变形程度与纸的纤维组成和干燥方法有关。采用梯度干燥的方式纸张的尺寸稳定性没有明显的改善。厚度和收缩率相关分析说明二不存在相关性。随着纸张干湿交替处理次数的增多,其变形性趋于减小。为提高纸张的形稳性,可预先进行处理。     

古陶瓷完整器元素成分无损分析的实现（二）——设备改建和定量分析方法

为了真正实现古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析,就要建造能容纳常规大小古陶瓷样品的真空靶室,以及建立弯曲表面古陶瓷的定量分析方法。本文报道了本实验室QuanX型能谱仪真空靶室改造的整体设计和加工,以及针对弯曲表面古陶瓷样品定量分析的处理方法。大量的测量工作表明所改装的能谱仪完全适应古陶瓷完整器的元素成分无损分析的需要,同时证明古陶瓷样品在较低真空条件下的测量分析是完全无损的;所提出表面弯曲古陶瓷的定量分析处理方法具有简便易行,精确度较高的特点。     

透明类珠宝文物修复技术的研究

透明类珠宝文物修复是当前文物修复保护的难题之一。由于该类文物透明度较高,因此对修复精度以及修复材料的透明度、渗透性等方面提出更高的要求。与之相对的是,当前透明类珠宝文物修复的研究较少,其修复往往仅是简单拼接,缺少一种可行的高精度修复方法和相应的修复材料。在文物修复理念的指导下,本工作以多种修复材料为样本,进行科学的模拟试验。从对接紧密度、透明度、渗透性等角度对修复材料进行多次测试评估后发现,Hxtal NYL-1(海克斯塔)的效果最为理想。而后,通过对比和研究当前破损文物的高精度修复方法,结合透明类珠宝文物特性,设计出一套以负压法原理为基础的透明类珠宝文物修复方法。这种方法能够强化修复材料的渗透能力,解决粘接、补配中的定位问题,通过研磨膏的打磨、抛光,能够进一步消除修复痕迹。最后,将这种修复方法和相应的修复材料成功应用于一件合浦汉墓出土的水晶、绿柱石串饰的修复,并达到了预期的修复效果,进一步验证了这种透明类珠宝文物修复方法的可行性和科学性。     

上海元代水闸遗址出土木构件无损冻干初探

传统的冷冻脱水过程通常需要将电阻温度传感器(RTD)插入到物料中以监测温度变化从而确定干燥终点,这种方式对于处理木质文物来说具有一定的破坏性,无法做到无损或微损。本研究尝试采用无损方式对定型加固剂浸渍液即时浓度进行分析,并对冷冻干燥终点进行预测。采用这种无损技术成功地对志丹苑元代水闸遗址出土的30件木构件进行真空冷冻脱水定型处理,既达到了预期的定型保护效果,又确保了木构件的安全。     

Post-Roman crop production and processing: Archaeological evidence from Goldthorpe,South Yorkshire

The remains of a ditched field system dating from the late Iron Age to the early post-Roman period, and two associated corn drying ovens (dating to the 5th–6th centuries AD) were revealed during archaeological excavations at Goldthorpe, South Yorkshire. The site was excavated during 2012 and 2013, during which bulk environmental samples were taken in order to retrieve any surviving botanical remains from deposits associated with the corn drying ovens, and other features across the excavated area. Early post-Roman occupation is under-represented in the archaeological record, especially in northern England, as such human activity and subsistence during this period are currently not well understood. This paper combines evidence for the field system, the physical remains of the corn drying ovens and their associated botanical remains to further understand early post-Roman change and continuity in landscape use and crop production and processing practices.