两晋南北朝与隋唐官僚特权之比较——从赃罪、除免官当的视角

魏晋南北朝是门阀士族获得重大政治、经济、文化和社会特权的时代,但是东晋南朝与北朝的情况不尽相同。从法制层面对赃罪量刑和除免官当的考察表明,在法令的规定上北朝对待官僚较东晋南朝更为宽松,在法令的贯彻上北朝却相对严格。由此我们看到,尽管江左士族享有更多特权,但这些特权多在法令规定之外,不属于正常官僚政治的范畴。而北朝士族却积极在律令框架内寻求自身的权益保障,其努力所获得的丰厚成果为隋唐帝国的官僚所继承,从而为官僚政治的理性发展作出了贡献。     

古章草书与《出师颂》

章草书,广义而言是汉代通行的隶书草写法;狭义而言是在隶草的基础上进而规范化的一种专门书体。章草书盛行于东汉末期,历经魏晋时代而渐成衰势,隋唐以后罕有书者。故宫博物院新近征得的原藏清宫并著录于《石渠宝笈》的隋人书《出师颂》恰恰弥补了章草书发展末期的历史空缺。本文简述章草书之由来以及古代章草书家的简况,以便读者从中了解隋人书《出师颂》的历史和艺术价值。     

邓小平与中国社会主义农业改革和发展的“两个飞跃”

"两个飞跃"是邓小平为中国社会主义农业改革和发展设计的伟大纲领。从对"第一个飞跃"的肯定和支持,到对"第二个飞跃"的探索和展望,邓小平始终坚持历史发展的辩证法,不仅科学地规划了"两个飞跃"渐次实现的现实道路,而且为我们积极发展现代农业、扎实推进社会主义新农村建设提供了重要的方法论依据,具有重大而深远的现实意义。     

两晋东宫述论

东宫的基本架构是以皇储为核心建立的一套职官制度。作为储君的僚属,他们的人选来源也极一时之选。此外,为太子选择有才干的人作为宾友;给东宫配备相当数量的军队;重视东宫教育;在对东宫实行经济保障也是加强储君地位的重要方面。两晋还存在着皇太弟现象,但两晋发生的原因不尽相同。两晋东宫的设置是为了加强皇储地位,而在两晋皇权不甚强大的政治历史背景下,这种制度与设立的初衷相悖,这也是当时政治环境变化的真实反应。     

指引小农经济通向现代化的灯塔——中国共产党农民合作经济的四大理论成果

中国共产党成立90年来,在农民合作经济方面形成了四大理论成果。毛泽东关于组织起来是必由之路的论断,指明了方向,解决了如何根据汪洋大海的小农经济的状况选择什么样的路径引导农民通向现代化的问题;邓小平关于农业两个飞跃的论断,明确了阶段,解决了如何适应生产力发展要求选择什么样的战略阶段推进组织化的问题;多种类型农民合作经济组织共同发展及规模经营形式多样化认识的形成,明晰了形式,解决了如何适应国情及农情选择什么样的模式推进组织化的问题;以民办、民有、民管、民受益为内核的原则及其相应制度的形成,探明了制度,解决了如何尊重农民意愿选择什么样的制度推进组织化的问题。     

无边界学习、多媒体技术运用与远程教育

教学中社会与学校、教师与学生、课程与生活、知识与经验等二元结构是客观存在的,也是无法从根本上剔除的。一位优秀的教师是要承认二元的存在,同时又协调二元的关系,也就是我们时常讲的“对立统一”。借助信息技术（多媒体教学）做到“对立统一”是一个极好的方法。无论运用何种手段。只要能够打破教学中的时间、地点、人物、任务和结果的单一性,真正做到“社会即学校”、“以学生为师”、“生活即学习,学习即生活”,这就叫“无边界学习”。“多媒体技术运用”和“远程教育”都不能讲是“无边界学习”。     

Comments on M. Kuhle and S. Kuhle (2012): ‘Hannibal Gone Astray? A Critical Comment on W. C. Mahaney et al., “The Traversette (Italia) Rockfall: Geomorphological Indicator of the Hannibalic Invasion Route” (Archaeometry, 52, 1 [2010] 156–72)’

The title of Kuhle and Kuhle's (2012) (hereafter K&K 2012) paper in Archaeometry appears to be mostly a tirade against the Traversette Route of Hannibal's Army, as originally favoured by Sir Gavin de Beer—a man possessed of singular scientific experience and near‐singular interest in Carthaginian history—in the mid‐part of the last century. The mere fact that Mahaney et al. (2010a,c) added to de Beer's corpus of evidence that Hannibal followed the southern route appears to have brought K&K (2012) to lodge not only a protest, but one of accusatory tone, stating that Mahaney et al. (2010c) had erroneously misinterpreted historical texts to prove the Col de la Traversette as the Punic Army col of passage into Italia. Aside from the fact that the tone of these allegations rises to a curious level, it is the intention of this discussion to put facts where they belong, rooted in what is known of the Hannibalic Invasion and what is inferred by the prevailing scientific evidence. It is important to note that there is not one preferred route as stated by K&K (2012), but three in fact (see Fig. 1 (a) in Mahaney et al. 2010c), and all have been discussed by a legion of historians (see, e.g., Freshfield 1886, 1899; de Beer 1969; Proctor 1971; Prevas 1998; Mahaney 2008).     

Interdisciplinarity as critical Inquiry: Visualizing the Art/Bioscience interface

Abstract

Much˙ of the physiology of human cells is controlled at their surfaces. Our knowledge is based on an interdisciplinar:r approach involving research in subject areas ranging from physics to medicine. In this review, the structure and function of cell surfaces, their turnover and their role in cell division is described. The concept of cell sulrface diseases is introduced and discussed. The conclusion is reached that further knowledge of cell surfaces will lead to better treatment of many common diseases.     

Fighting the Risorgimento: foreign volunteers in southern Italy (1860–63)

Abstract

Between 1860 and 1863 hundreds of men from all over Europe volunteered for service in the wars of southern ‘brigands’ on behalf of the exiled King Francis II of Naples. In an attempt to correct the often biased interpretation of this involvement (that was attributed simply to a thirst for adventure, romanticism or even psychological disorder) that coloured the accounts by Italian patriots, this essay suggests the need for fresh consideration. It develops three lines of inquiry that focus respectively on the strong impact of Italian Unification on conservative and Catholic opinion and the ways in which these sources portrayed the struggles of the southern insurgents, the clumsy efforts made by the Neapolitan government-in-exile to recruit volunteers and organize armed expeditions against the former kingdom, and the so-called ‘white international’ in which the warriors of the counter-revolution were depicted as combatants in conflicts that were both civil wars and at the same time episodes in a much longer international ideological struggle. In this context, the significance of foreign involvement in defence of the Neapolitan Bourbons takes on a significance that goes far beyond its poor military outcome.     

《张家山汉墓竹简·二年律令》中诸律的制作年代试探

对《二年律令》中《户律》、《赐律》、《秩律》、《置后律》及《收律》等的制作年代进行考证,证明《二年律令》中的诸律并非制作于同一时期,从而为正确运用《二年律令》提供了可供参考之处。