A naturalists' society and its work

EUROPE

A Geography of Europe. By Jean Gottmann. 9 1/4×6 1/4. Pp. x+699. Illustrated. New York : Henry Holt and Co. Inc., 1951. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. 30s.

The Sea Coast. By J. A. Steers. 8 1/2×6. Pp. xii+276. 52 figs. 10 colour photographs. 24 photographs in black and white. [The New Naturalist, 25.] London : William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd, 1953. 25s.

The Scottish Economy : A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University. Edited by A. K. Cairncross. 9×6. Pp. xvi+320. 17 figs. [Publications of the Department of Social and Economic Research, University of Glasgow. Social and Economic Studies, 2.] Cambridge : The University Press, 1954. 30s.

The Crofting Problem. By Adam Collier. Foreword by A. K. Cairncross. 9×6. Pp. xv+191. 8 illustrations. 4 sketch maps. [Publications of the Department of Social and Economic Research, University of Glasgow. Social and Economic Studies, 1.] Cambridge: University Press, 1953. 25s.

Torridon Highlands. By Brenda G. Macrow. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xii+212. 25 illustrations. Sketch map. [The Regional Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1953. 18s.

North‐East Lowlands of Scotland. By John R. Allan. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. x+262. 49 illustrations. Map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1952. 18s.

The Lowlands of Scotland : Glasgow and the North. By Maurice Lindsay. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xviii+268. 49 illustrations. Map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1953. 18s.

Ayrshire 1745–1950 : A Social and Industrial History of the County. By James Edward Shaw. Foreword by The Rt. Hon. Sir Charles MacAndrew, M.P. 9×5 3/4. Pp. xiii+279. ‘9 plates. [Compiled for the Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.] Edinburgh and London : Oliver and Boyd, 1953. 12s 6d.

West Durham : A Study of a Problem Area in North Eastern England. By G. H. J. Daysh, J. S. Symonds, and others. 10×6. Pp. x+198. 3 figs. 7 illustrations. 8 maps. Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1953. 45s.

Sandy Shores in South Lancashire : The Geomorphology of South‐West Lancashire. By R. Kay Gressweix. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xii+194. 46 figs. 31 illustrations. 23 tables. [Liverpool Studies in Geography.] Liverpool : The University Press of Liverpool, 1953. 30s.

A Scientific Survey of Merseyside. Edited by Wilfred Smith, 9 1/2×7 1/4. Pp. xv+299. 62 figs. 16 plates. 2 folding maps. [Published for the British Association.] Liverpool: The University Press of Liverpool, 1953. 21s.

Green Gold and Granite : A Background to Finland. By Wendy Hall. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 190. 12 illustrations. Sketch map. London : Max Parrish and Co. Ltd, 1953. 175s 6d.

Germany: A General and Regional Geography. By Robert E. Dickinson. 9×6. Pp. xxiv+700. 121 figs. 32 illustrations. [Advanced Geographies.] London: Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1953. 50s.

Paris. By André George. 9×6 1/2. Pp.239. Heliogravures. [Les Beaux Pays.] London : Nicholas Kaye Ltd, 1952. 21s.

Another Spain. By Churton Fairman. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 202. 49 plates. London : Museum Press Ltd, 1952. 18s.

ASIA

Secret Tibet. By Fosco Maraeini. Translated from the Italian by Eric Mosbacher. Introduction by Bernard Berenson. 9 1/2×6 3/4. Pp. 251. Frontispiece. 60 plates. Sketch map. London : Hutchinson and Co. Ltd, 1952. 30s.

Seven Tears in Tibet. By Heinrich Harrer. Translated from the German by Richard Graves. Introduction by Peter Fleming. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xv+288. Frontispiece. 25 illustrations. Sketch map. London : Rupert Hart‐Davis Ltd, 1953. 16s.

AFRICA

Ethiopia and Eritrea : The Last Phase of the Reunion Struggle, 1941–1952. By E. Sylvia Pankhurst and Richard K. P. Pankhurst, B.Sc. (ECON.), Ph.d. Foreword by Lady Pethick‐Lawrence of Peaslake. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 360. 4 figs. Frontispiece. 52 plates. Woodford Green : Lalibela House, 1953. 18s.

Kalahari Sand. By Frank Debenham, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 189. 16 photographs. Sketches. 5 sketch maps. London : G. Bell and Sons Ltd, 1953. 15s.

AMERICA

Southampton Island. By J. Brian Bird. 9 3/4×6 1/2. Pp. viii+84. 19 figs. 8 plates. [Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Geographical Branch Memoir 1.] Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1953. $0.50.

The Florida of the Inca. By Garcilaso de la Vega. Translated and edited by John Grier Varner and Jeannette Johnson Varner. 9 1/2×6. Pp. xlviii +656. Drawings and decorative end‐paper map, by Reese Brandt. Edinburgh : Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1951. 30s.

GEODESY

Geodesy. By Brigadier G. Bomford, O.B.E., M.A.,D.Sc., F.R.I.C.S. 9 1/2×6. Pp. xiv+452. 165 figs. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1952. 50s.

CARTOGRAPHY

Decorative Printed Maps of the 15th to 18th Centuries. A revised edition of ‘Old Decorative Maps and Charts’, by A. L. Humphreys. By R. A. Skelton, F.S.A. 12 1/2×10. Pp. vii+80. 84 plates, including 12 in colour. London : Staples Press Ltd, 1952. 73s 6d.

Maps and Their Makers : An Introduction to the History of Cartography. By G. R. Crone, M.A. 7 1/4×4 3/4. Pp. 181. 7 figs. London: Hutchinson's University Library, 1953. 8s 6d.

The Look of Maps : An Examination of Cartographic Design. By Arthur H. Robinson. 9 1/2×6. Pp. x+105. 3 figs. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1952. $2.75.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

Morphological Analysis of Land Forms : A Contribution to Physical Geology. By Walther Penck. Translated by Hella Czech, Ph.D., and Katharine Cumming Boswell, B.A., M.Sc. 8 3/4×5 5/8. Pp. xiv+429. 21 figs. 12 plates. London : Macmillan and Co. Ltd, 1953. 42s.

CLIMATOLOGY

Climatology. By A. Austin Miller, D.Sc. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. x+318. 82 figs. [Advanced Geographies.] London : Methuen and Co. Ltd. New York : E. P. Dutton and Co. Inc. Eighth edition, 1953. 21s.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The Story of the Oceans. By John Scott Douglas. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 272. 15 plates. London : Frederick Muller Ltd, 1953. 15s.

Zoogeography of the Sea. By Sven Ekman. Translated from the Swedish by Elizabeth Palmer, Ph.D. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xiv+417. 121 figs. 598 references. [Text‐Books of Animal Biology.] London: Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd, 1953. 42s.

The Geography of the Flowering Plants. By Ronald Good, M.A., Sc.D. 10×6. Pp. xiv+452. 75 figs. 25 plates. London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd. Second edition, 1953. 50s.

Plant Life in the Scottish Highlands : Ecology and Adaptation to their Insect Visitors. By Alexander Edward Holden. 8 1/2×6 1/2. Pp. xv+319. 64 photographs by Robert M. Adam. Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd Ltd, 1952. 30s.

La Politique des États et leur Géographie. By Jean Gottmann. 9×5 1/2. Pp. xi+228. [Collection ‘Sciences politiques.’] Paris : Librairie Armand Colin, 1952. fr. 670.

BIOGRAPHY

The Coast of Incense : Autobiography 1933–1939. By Freya Stark. 8 3/4×5 5/8. Pp. xiii+287. 51 illustrations. Sketch map by H. W. Hawes. Wood engravings by Reynolds Stone. London : John Murray Ltd, 1953. 25s.

Arabian Adventurer : The Story of Haji Williamson. By Stanton Hope (W. E. Stanton‐Hope, F.R.G.S.). Foreword by A. H. T. Chisholm, C.B.E. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 335. 23 illustrations. London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1951. 16s.

Francis Younghusband : Explorer and Mystic. By George Seaver, LITT.D. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xi+391. 13 illustrations. 4 sketch maps by Charmian Longstaff. London: John Murray Ltd, 1952. 25s.

EDUCATIONAL

The Skin of the Earth. By A. Austin Miller, D.Sc. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. ix+198. 67 figs. [Advanced Geographies.] London : Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1953. 21s.

Teach Yourself Archeology. By S. Graham Brade‐Birks. 7×4 1/4. Pp. xii+220. Frontispiece. 120 figs. [The Teach Yourself Books.] London: The English Universities Press, Ltd, 1953. 6s.

Colliery Surveying. By R. McAdam. 8 3/4×5. Pp. vii+146. 81 figs. Edinburgh and London : Oliver and Boyd Ltd, 1953. 12s 6d.

GENERAL

Geography in the Twentieth Century : A Study of Growth, Fields, Techniques, Aims and Trends. Edited by Griffith Taylor. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xii+661. 57 figs. 15 plates. New York : Philosophical Library Inc. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd. Second edition, 1953. 35s.

Le Razzf e i Popoli della Terra. By Renato Biasutti. 10 1/4×7 1/2. Vol. I. Razze, Popoli e Culture. Collaborators : M. Bartoli, R. Battaglia, R. Corso, G. Genna, P. Graziosi, S. Sergi, C. Tagliavani, G. Vidossi. Pp. xii+723. Frontispiece. 495 figs. 16 colour plates. Vol. II. Europa—Asia. Collaborators: R. Corso, R. Battaglia, M. Muccioli. Pp. 656. 565 figs. 6 colour plates. Torino : Unione Tipografico‐Editrice Torinese. Vol. I. Second edition, 1953. L 7200. Vol. II. Second edition, 1954. L 6500.

American Geography : Inventory and Prospect. Edited by Preston E. James and Clarence F. Jones. 9×6. Pp. xii+590. 33 figs. [Published for the Association of American Geographers.] Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 1954. $6.

Our World from the Air: An International Survey of Man and his Environment. By E. A. Gutkind. Foreword by G. P. Gooch, C.H. Introduction by Professor E. G. R. Taylor, 11 1/2×10 3/4. Pp. 256. 400 photographs. London: Chatto and Windus, 1952. 63s.

The Geography of Towns. By Arthur E. Smailes. 7 1/2×4 3/4. Pp. 166. 22 figs. London : Hutchinson's University Library 1953. 8s 6d.

Mountains with a Difference. By Geoffrey Winthrop Young. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. ix+282. 14 illustrations. [The New Alpine Library.] Eyre and Spottiswoode Ltd, 1951. 18s.

ATLASES

Weltatlas : Die Staaten der Erde und ihre Wirtschaft. Edited by Edgar Lehmann. 9 1/2×13. Pp. viii+97 (coloured maps)+63 (gazetteer). Leipzig : VEB Bibliographisches Institut, 1952.

Atlas of the World's Resources. [University of Maryland.] 12 1/2×151/2. Vol. II. The Mineral Resources of the World. By William Van Royen, Oliver Bowles, and Elmer W. Pehrson. Pp. ix+181. 186 figs. New York : Prentice‐Hall Inc., 1952. London : Constable and Co. Ltd, 1953. 70s.     

Local-scale turnpike roads in nineteenth-century Kentucky

This essay will examine, through a Kentucky case study, the process whereby states, county-level localities, and individuals undertook for themselves the responsibility for internal improvements, especially the construction of comprehensive road networks in the nineteenth century. Before the Kentucky legislature authorized state-funded road construction in the twentieth century, the state's best roads were a few toll turnpikes. Following other eastern states, Kentucky approved turnpike construction charters and subscribed to turnpike stock to underwrite construction. State statutes, based upon directives from trained engineers hired by the Board of Internal Improvement, required that turnpike construction follow complex procedures. A change in the state constitution in 1850 forced the state to withdraw from turnpike road investment and road construction oversight and finance devolved to counties and private investors. Local county road networks were largely the product of neighborhood turnpike companies chartered by the state. Primary documents record the local road-building process for a five-mile turnpike in a Bourbon County. With little direction or assistance from state engineers, the neighborhood residents, led by farmer John W. Jones, surveyed a route, arranged for right-of-way access through adjacent farms, hired Irish turnpike construction crews, built a tollhouse, and collected tolls. Formal state law and engineering directives became attenuated as amateur turnpike builders constructed a simplified version of the state's ideal road.