唐代黑水都督府的历史地理学考察

唐开元年间先后在渤海北境、黑水靺鞨地方设置勃利州、黑水军、黑水都督府。从文献与考古材料双重视角入手,可以对与黑水都督府建置有关的勃利州(渤州)、黑水靺鞨道、渤海都督府、安静都督府、黑水靺鞨思慕部等问题进行梳理和考索,又结合渤海与黑水靺鞨军事对抗导致黑水靺鞨自牡丹江中下游不断北移的历史背景,再考黑水都督府的具体地望。研究渤海都督府、安静都督府辖区以及黑水靺鞨思慕部相对位置关系,又考虑其为具有地区战略意义的和扼守渤海上京以北、贯穿南北黑水靺鞨交通孔道的军政重镇,萝北县江岸古城当为唐开元年间设置的黑水都督府治所所在。     

黑水靺鞨思慕部探索

本文反对唐代“黑水”是指穆棱河与乌苏里江及其支流的观点,认为黑水是指黑龙江中下游段。结雅河下游发现的考古遗迹族属是黑水靺鞨之思慕部,不是从松花江迁移到结雅河下游流域的粟末靺鞨。靺鞨思慕部文化具有草原文化的成分。靺鞨族人种是复杂的、多源的。思慕部墓葬人骨得出的人种类型只能代表思慕部,能否代表黑水人种,或代表全体靺鞨人种,还需要新的对比材料。     

Identification of ancient starch grains from the tribe Triticeae in the North China Plain

Both macrofossil and microfossil plant remains from the grass family (Poaceae) have been recovered from Neolithic and historic sites in China. Basing our work on the plant taxa that were previously recovered, we analyzed the economically significant genera for modern starch grain analysis with a focus on the important tribe Triticeae. Modern starch grains from the tribe Triticeae were compared with those from other grasses, and criteria for identification were determined. In total, 38 species within 28 genera, 13 tribes and 4 subfamilies were selected for analysis. Results demonstrate that starch grains from members of the tribe Triticeae are discernible from those of other tribes by their distinctive lenticular morphologies and surficial pressure craters. A dichotomous key covering 10 species within 7 genera of the Triticeae was created, thus allowing identification of members of the tribe to the level of genus. Application of the dichotomous key to the ancient starch assemblage recovered from lithic tools excavated from the early Neolithic site of Donghulin demonstrates that plants from the genera Hordeum and Agropyron were exploited alongside millets at this site.     

中国上古国家的产生及特征

传说中的五帝时期是中国上古国家的形成阶段.这一时期经历了一系列国家制度的建设:第一,部落与部落的联合,并由此形成王国;第二,按地域划分部落,天子巡狩和方国朝觐是王国秩序的象征;第三,族卿族禄的官僚制度;第四,早期刑罚制度;第五,以上帝为核心的多神政治信仰体系.夏商周王国正是在此基础上发展演变的.     

清代八旗索伦的骑射教育

以维护清王朝统治为宗旨的骑射教育,是清代八旗索伦历史活动的重要内容。从教育内容及其目标来看,通过贡貂之役、春秋会操、旗学教育等各种方式和途径进行的骑射教育,实质上是以马步骑射技能训练为主的军事教育。这种技能性的军事教育不仅为清王朝培养了一支训练有素、能征善战的八旗劲旅,同时也对八旗索伦保持以渔猎化为核心的民族特征,维系以骑射为特征的化传统,起到了重要的保障作用。