“满洲国”承认问题与国民党的对日政策

伪满洲国成立后,日本一直设法迫使中国在事实上承认东北的傀儡政权,国民政府对此拒绝让步。《塘沽协定》的缔结,使伪满洲国和华北之间出现了所谓的缓冲区,国民政府极力淡化这一协定的政治性。山海关内外的通车、通邮谈判过程中,中日双方围绕伪满洲国的承认问题,出现了尖锐对立,日方并未达到目的。1935年以后,日本还是不断提出承认伪满的议题。蒋介石为代表的国民党又做出了让步,冻结东北问题：虽然不承认伪满,但也不谈收复东北,这种状况一直持续到1943年《开罗宣言》的发表。     

‘Zero Plus Zero Plus Zero’: Pakistan,the Baghdad Pact,and the Suez Crisis

The Suez crisis of 1956 created a grave challenge to the fledgling Baghdad Pact. Each of the four Muslim members of the alliance, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey, faced domestic pressures to withdraw after the United Kingdom joined Israel and France in attacking Egypt. For the Pakistani government, the crisis came at an important juncture in its national development. After a decade of championing pan-Islamic causes, Pakistani foreign policy had, by 1955, shifted to a much more openly pro-Western position, highlighted by Pakistan's joining ofboth the Baghdad Pact and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. The Suezcrisis threatened to undermine this new policy and the fragile coalition government led by Prime Minister Suhrawardy. After an initial period of equivocation, Suhrawardy emerged as a staunch defender of the Baghdad Pact, hoping to save his government, but in the process opening deep rifts within his own party.