“京观”及其历史轨迹

“京观”是中国古代战争的产物,贯穿于中国历史的上古和中古时期,为华夏民族和周边兄弟民族所采用,目的是张扬武功。但是,由于“京观”这种形式过于血腥与残酷,故在以后的岁月不被使用;时至现代,演变为纪念碑的形式。     

Cultural heritage management: a possible role for charters and principles in Asia

A number of countries now have charters or principles to underpin approaches to conserving and managing cultural heritage resources. Notably, there is growing interest in their adoption in the Asia‐Pacific region. Paralleling this is the development of university courses in heritage management and tourism in the region. Charters help to define the critical notion of significance which must try to embrace both the tangible and the intangible. Critical to the existence of charters and conventions is the process of establishing and assessing values. In Asia, integrity of heritage places and their continuing authenticity are fundamental concerns, particularly as the notion of heritage embraces traditions, and everyday places. This paper sets out to review current interest in cultural heritage and the various charters we use to assess significance and to offer comment on them with particular reference to heritage management in Asia.     

Criteria for the Assessment of the Modern Use of Ancient Theatres and Odea

ERATO is a research project entitled ‘Identification, Evaluation and Revival of the Acoustical Heritage of Ancient Theatres and Odea’ that was implemented within the Fifth Framework INCO‐MED Programme of the European Commission, under the thematic title ‘Preserving and Using Cultural Heritage’. The project was designed to identify virtual restoration and the revival of the acoustical and architectural heritage. The project also addressed the issue of establishing criteria for the assessment of the modern use of ancient theatres and odea. Ancient theatres are threatened by erosion through time and improper use. The desire to use ancient sites with theatres and odea for modern activities is very tempting for modern societies. In fact, reuse is currently used as a means of conservation as well as justification for the enormous costs that restoration and conservation entail. However, decision makers and those involved with conservation are generally more conservative and reluctant to encourage reuse. It is important to realise that we are dealing with man‐made space designed for dialogue between audience and actors and hence criteria should be developed to enhance consistent and conscious decisions aimed at the conservation of such spaces. Criteria should be sought that consider several parameters related to human comfort, besides architecture and acoustic qualities. This paper discusses and evaluates, in general, the criteria relating to the modern use of ancient theatres and odea through understanding their value, ancient and current use, kinds of contemporary use, causes of deterioration and threats, and their cultural significance, while reviewing the main issues related to the international charters on the use of ancient places of performance.     

试论西安事变中何应钦的主战

西安事变中,南京政府内部在如何解决事变的问题上产生了意见分歧,分裂成"主和"与"主战"两派,时任军政部长的何应钦坚决地站在"主战"的阵营。长期以来的史学观点认为,他是为趁乱炸死蒋介石或假张、杨之手杀掉蒋介石,"取蒋而代之",这有失偏颇。何应钦当时的主战,其目的是"以战逼和"营救蒋介石。促成他在当时"主和"与"主战"两种营救蒋介石的途径中选择并坚持后者的原因,主要是:冥顽的反共立场;维护国民党集团利益和自身个人权力的需要,以及日本施加的压力。他的"讨伐军事"对西安事变的和平解决具有客观上的积极意义。     

Defining Heritage Values and Significance for Improved Resource Management: an application to Australian tourism

The values and significance of heritage resources are often acknowledged but not integrated into the management process. This paper presents a framework for explicitly identifying these resource qualities and applying them to site management. It defines values in terms of a resource's intrinsic (objectively measurable) and extrinsic (largely subjectively measurable) qualities. The derivative assessment of significance then creates direction for decision making where conservation takes precedence over resource exploitation and renewable resource exploitation takes precedence over the exploitation of non-renewable resources. The framework, developed from a study of World Heritage values of the Great Sandy Region, Australia, provides a basis for achieving agreement between resource owners/managers and resource users on the nature of permissible activities using valued resources.     

万里长城的地理界线意义

长城,不仅是中华民族古老文化的象征,而且是一条实际存在的重要地理界线。历代长城的布设都是以自然地理环境为基础,其走向与我国半湿润与干旱气候分界线基本一致。因此,长城也就成为我国农区和牧区分界线的标志。长城的延伸或回退,基本上反映了农区与牧区的扩张或收缩。从政治地理的角度来考察长城。可以认为,它是我国历史上各民族政治力量相互对峙、较量形成的"力"的平衡带,长城,一方面发挥了分隔两个政治单元的功能,它们延伸或收缩在一定程度上反映了两种力量对比的变化;另一方面,在先进与落后两种势力的对撞中.客观上却促进了相互间经济和文化的交流,促进了不同民族的融合。今日长城作为领土扩张和防御的军事设施作用已不复存在。但是长城在地理上的许多界限指标意义仍然存在,它依然是许多地理事物的敏感地区。     

关于文物古迹价值评估的几点认识

本文通过对文物古迹价值及价值评估理念的研究,结合我国目前文物保护实践中价值评估存在的认识误区,深入思考了建立一套以价值评估为核心内容的,保存与延续文物古迹全部价值为导向的工作方法,希望能作为《中国文物古迹保护准则》的补充和完善,以指导我们的文物保护工作。     

论宋代士人群体公益慈善事业简

宋代是中国古代民间公益慈善事业发展至成熟阶段的重要时期。在儒家博施济众思想的影响下,宋代士人群体积极投身民间公益慈善事业,他们在其中担负着发起者、组织者或领导者、管理者的作用。宋代士人群体的民间公益慈善活动,对维护社会稳定、促进社会和谐具有非常重要的意义。