La Méditerranée solide: un espace double en construction

There exists a space of the ‘solid Mediterranean’. This concept was first proposed by the Annales’s co-founder Lucien Febvre in 1944–45, during a course on Europe in the longue durée. The flexible borders of this double space, both conceptual and contextual, remain in construction within the on-going and global reality of the solid Mediterranean’s space. The comparative history of European societies promoted during the interwar period by Marc Bloch, the other Annales founder, contributes to the construction of said space. Examining this space allows us to concretely articulate scales of analysis from the local to the global. The article is based on a comparative analysis of two Italian and Spanish cases that appear to be particular and paradigmatic (‘exceptional normal’, Edoardo Grendi) of – respectively – Italy’s so-called ‘southern question’ (questione meridionale) and the Spanish ‘agrarian question’ (cuestión agraria). Thus the article helps to conceptualize the space of the Méditerranée solide, marked by the complex and long-term Southern European question. The article compares Il Ministro della mala vita (The Minister of the Corruption, 1910) by historian Gaetano Salvemini and Del caciquismo trágico (On Tragical Caciquism, 1913) by republican journalist Pedro Torres. Through these ‘exceptionally normal’ case studies, taken together and explained reciprocally, it is possible to better understand the space of the solid Mediterranean. The social realities of the Spanish cuestión agraria and the Italian questione meridionale, as well as the conditions of local historiographical production on such realities are, indeed, a consubstantial part of the European transnational, global space of the ‘solid Mediterranean’.     

Ayatollah Khomeini: From Islamic Government to Sovereign State

This paper argues that the mature form of the political doctrine of the Ayatollah Khomeini (1902–89), Iranian Shiite religious authority and architect of the Islamic Republic of Iran, grew out of an encounter with the modern understanding of the state and the concept of sovereignty. Khomeini’s political doctrine, called the Absolute Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, although based on a religious foundation, should be studied as a break with the traditional understanding of political power in Shiism. It will be argued that such a political doctrine can play the same role as the Christian rhetoric of the early modern political thinkers played, pave the way for modernization of Shiite political thought, and prepare the ground for a modern temporal conception of politics.     

Identifying Relevant Cases of Conversion and Drift Using the Comparative Agendas Project

One of the most important phases of case‐oriented research is identifying the relevant population of cases. The best practice scheme suggests first identifying the positive and then the negative cases, based on the assumption that the population is small and known. This scheme is inapplicable when the population is unknown, as is the case with many public administration and public policy outcomes, which are often less visible. However, most research either ignores this difficulty or recommends a single case study. This article suggests that when the population is unknown scholars can apply the possibility principle to identify the relevant population of cases. In order to do so, a large dataset is required. In policy studies, the Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) can serve this aim. This article highlights CAP's applicability for case selection based on the possibility principle in two less visible policy outcomes: conversion and drift. In that, it not only addresses an overlooked challenge but also promotes both CAP as a useful tool for qualitative researchers and the expansion of comparative work on conversion and drift.     

陕西唐宋石窟寺与汉地木构佛寺建筑群体对比研究

本文以陕西唐宋时期的石窟寺建筑为主要研究对象,从典型石窟寺建筑实例入手,与汉地木构佛寺建筑群体进行对比、分析,主要从以下几点进行研究：一、对比分析陕西唐宋石窟寺与汉地木构佛寺建筑的营建背景：二、进行陕西省内唐宋时期石窟寺与汉地木构佛寺在建筑群外环境的对比研究;三、进行陕西省内唐宋时期石窟寺与汉地木构佛寺在建筑群形态发展方面的对比研究。通过上述的研究方法,探讨出：陕西唐宋石窟寺在营建背景、建筑选址、建筑构成、建筑布局方面的发展规律及特点。     

George G. Chisholm: His influence on university and school geography

EUROPE

I Saw Two Englands. 2nd edition. By H. V. Morton. Demy 8vo. London : Methucn and Co. Ltd. Price 9s. 6d.

The German Lebensraum. By Robert E. Dickinson. Pp. 223. Penguin Special.

Scottish Pilgrimage in the Land of Lost Content. By Radcliffe Barnett. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+207. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1943. Price 6s.

Wild Life of Britain. By F. Fraser Darling. Illustrated. 4to. Pp.48. London : Collins Ltd., 1943. Price 4s. 6d.

France. By P. Maiixaud. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×7#fr1/2>. Pp.138. London : Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

The Economic Reconstruction of Lithuania after 1918. By A. Simutis. Demy 8vo. Pp. 148. New York and London : Columbia University Press and Humphrey Milford, 1943.

Orientations. By Ronald Storrs. Definitive Edition. London : Nicholson and Watson, 1943. Price 10s. 6d.

ASIA

The Gobi Desert. By Mildred Cable with Francesca French. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.301. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1943. Price 21s.

Polynesians : Explorers of the Pacific. By J. E. Weckley. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 77. Washington : Smithsonian Institution, 1943.

Girlhood in the Pacific. By Mrs. Shane Leslie. London : Macdonald and Co. Price 10s. 6d.

Dawn in Siberia. By G. D. R. Phillips. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 196. London : Frederick Muller, 1943. Price 8s. 6d.

My India, My West. By Dr. Krishnalal Shridharani.

Growing Up in New Guinea. By Margaret Mead. Pelican Books, 1942.

India. By T. A. Raman. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×#fr1/2>. Pp.140. London: Humphrey Milford at the Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

Report from Tokyo. By J. C. Grew. Demy 8vo. Pp.103. New York : Simon and Schuster, 1943. Price 2s. 6d.

AFRICA

Diary of a District Officer. By K. Bradley. Demy 8vo. Pp. 192. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. Price 5s.

Libyan Log. By E. G. Ogilvie. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×7#fr1/2>. Pp.103. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 1943. Price 51.

North Africa. By A. H. Brodrick. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×7#fr1/2>. Pp.97. London: Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

Across Madagascar. By Olive Murray Chapman. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 144. London : Burrows, 1943. Price 9s. 6d.

Dead Men Do Tell Tales. By Byron de Prorok. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.221. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1943. Price 10s. 6d.

AMERICA

Canada. By B. K. Sandweix. Illustrated. Pp.124. 7#fr1/2>×4#fr1/2> London: Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

Exploring the Little Rivers of New Jersey. By James and Margaret Cawley. Princeton : Princeton University Press.

South America, with Mexico and Central America. By J. B. Trend. Illustrated. 7#fr1/2>×4#fr1/2>. Pp. 128. London : Oxford University Press, 1942. Price 3s. 6d.

Green Fire. By P. W. Rainier. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+216. London: John Murray, 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

GENERAL

Climatic Accidents in Landscape‐making. By C. A. Cotton. Illustrated. Pp. xx+354. Wellington and London: Whitecombe and Tombs, 1942. Price 301.

Half a Life. By Major C. S. Jarvis. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+216. London: John Murray, 1943. Price 15s.

Scottish Gaelic Studies. Vol. V, Part II. Demy 8vo. Pp. 198. London : Basil Blackwell, 1942. Price 9s.

Auld Reekie. By A. A. MacGregor. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+204. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

A Journey to Gibraltar. By R. Henrey. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vi + 169. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Teach Tourself Geography. By J. C. Kingsland and W. B. Cornish. Pp. 287. London : English Universities Press Ltd., 1943. Price 3s.     

Tracking democracies: Italy and Japan in historical perspective

Abstract

The Italian and Japanese roads toward democracy have been paved by external forces, by the timing of economic development, by ‘great’ leaders and by such factors as institutions, class structure, geography and even by accident. In finding a pair of countries where so much is similar, and yet where fundamental differences penist, comparativists have fertile ground in which to look for key factors in political (and democratic) change. This article, in short, takes aim at illuminating these factors by distinguishing between the structural and cultural conditions within which democratic tracks were laid in Japanese and Italian history. It concludes that a closer examination of leadership and agency is necessary to explain more fully democratic development in Italy and Japan.     

The archaeological study of neighborhoods and districts in ancient cities

The spatial division of cities into residential zones is a universal feature of urban life from the earliest cities to the present. I propose a two-level classification of such zones that archaeologists can use to analyze preindustrial cities. Neighborhoods are small areas of intensive face-to-face social interaction, whereas districts are larger areas that serve as administrative units within cities. I review comparative historical data on neighborhoods and districts and outline archaeological methods for their identification and analysis. Illustrative cases are drawn from Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica, and I conclude with a review of the major top-down and bottom-up social forces that generate and shape neighborhoods and districts in preindustrial cities.     

Coalition Structures and Policy Change in a Consensus Democracy

This paper studies the relation between coalition structures in policy processes and policy change. While different factors such as policy images, learning processes, external events, or venue shopping are important to explain policy change, coalition structures within policy processes are often neglected. However, policy change happens as a result of negotiations and coordination among coalitions within policy processes. The paper analyzes how conflict, collaboration, and power relations among coalitions of actors influence policy change in an institutional context of a consensus democracy. Empirically, I rely on a Qualitative Comparative Analysis to conduct a cross‐sector comparison of the 11 most important policy processes in Switzerland between 2001 and 2006. Coalition structures with low conflict and strong collaboration among coalitions as well as structures with dominant coalitions and weak collaboration both facilitate major policy change. Competing coalitions that are separated by strong conflict but still collaborate strongly produce policy outputs that are close to the status quo.     

Shaping comparative advantage: the evolution of trade and industry policy in Australia

This paper provides an overview of Australia’s experience with trade and industry policy since Federation in light of the dilemmas facing a small, rich, remote, resource-based economy. It focuses on the attempt to diversify away from a dependence on the export of primary products and to move beyond – while still also continuing to exploit – the country’s natural comparative advantage. It examines the rise and decline, purpose and effects, of protectionism; moments of experimentation with interventionist industry policy; and effects of the mining boom. In doing so, it considers Australia’s particular economic circumstances and factor endowments in light of competing notions of comparative advantage and the appropriate role of government in promoting economic development and competitiveness.     

The religious politics of prophecy: Or,Richard Brothers's Revealed Knowledge confuted

The messianic messages delivered to Londoners by the self-styled prophet, Richard Brothers, were regarded by many sceptical observers and pamphleteers as eccentric or, worse still, the embarrassing utterances of someone wishing to reprise the political turmoil of a by-gone era marred by religious ‘fanaticism’. This article shows the extent to which Brothers's messages, as set down in his Revealed Knowledge of the Prophecies and Times (1794–1795), were absolutely central to the religious politics and culture of the 1790s—or what one contemporary critic mockingly referred to as the ‘age of prophecy’. Brothers's prophecies came to the attention of the British government, which culminated in his arrest for treasonable practices in March 1795 when he became a cause célèbre, before being confined to an asylum for eleven years. He was deemed a criminal lunatic but, as this article seeks to demonstrate, his ‘prophetic imagination’ arose out of the same rich theological, political and cultural context that spurred ‘radicals’ like Tom Paine, whilst inspiring poets and artists such as William Blake. If the content of his prophecies were regarded by contemporary sceptics for having no validity, it remains true to say that Richard Brothers, as an educated gentleman and naval officer, dramatically altered 18th-century expectations and perceptions of what prophets were and the nature of prophecy itself.