The Coupled Influence of Relative Density,CSR, Plasticity and Content of Fines on Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of Sands

In this study, stress-controlled cyclic simple shear tests were performed on sand specimens with up to 10% silt or clay contents, and coupled effects of plasticity, fines content (FC), relative density (D_R) and CSR (cyclic stress ratio) were investigated. The results demonstrated that for sands with low fines content, reasonable trends were obtained when the packing index control parameter was selected as D_R. Also, clean sand specimens demonstrated highest liquefaction strength compared with that of sands with fines up to 10% FC. The effect of fines’ plasticity became apparent as the FC increases and CSR reduces in relatively denser specimens.     

SO2与水分综合影响下的云冈石窟砂岩劣化研究

气体污染物SO₂是造成云冈石窟文物本体劣化的重要因素之一。为厘清SO₂与水分耦合作用下的云冈砂岩劣化规律，开展不同SO₂浓度、相对湿度以及降水条件下的室内模拟风化试验，测定试样质量、表面特征和化学成分变化。结果表明：SO₂易与砂岩中的碳酸盐矿物(如方解石)和长石发生化学反应，产物包括CaSO₄·2H₂O、MgSO₄·7H₂O和高岭石等，且随着相对湿度增加，反应程度增大，造成试样的质量、色差值、可溶盐含量上升及硅铝比下降；液态水的参与能显著加快SO₂与砂岩的相互作用过程，不但增加了各项指标的变化幅度，还加大了SO₂入侵深度。研究成果可为砂岩质文物的科学认知和预防性保护提供参考。     

故宫古建筑内温湿度问题初探

博物馆的环境应当相对稳定且有益于文物的保存。故宫博物院作为古建筑博物馆,其特殊性在于古建筑本身也是文物,虽然自身条件较差,但又不能随意改变其外观和结构,导致其保存环境往往不够理想。在研究中论述了故宫古建筑的环境特点,结合在古建筑内文物环境监测和控制方面的若干问题进行有益的探讨,对原状陈列的古建筑温湿度调控的应用效果进行了分析和评估,指出了存在的问题,并提出了对古建筑中环境控制的思考。采用密封性能优良的展柜配合适当的调湿材料可以很好地稳定相对湿度,减少温度变化对相对湿度造成的影响,这是当前国际上文物微环境控制的一个发展方向。     

基于离散程度的博物馆馆藏环境温湿度中长期评估方法

温湿度是评估博物馆馆藏环境的重要指标。在越来越多的博物馆对温湿度进行监测记录的情况下,需要基于"稳定适宜"的准则,探索一种科学的评估方法,为馆藏环境温湿度的调控治理提供依据。该方法以中长期的博物馆监控数据为基础,通过计算温湿度监控数据的离散度和离散系数,并结合箱线图分析数据的分布情况,对其"稳定适宜"程度进行综合量化评估。结合四川博物院2014年的温湿度监控数据的实例,验证了该方法的有效性。研究结果表明,采用基于离散程度的中长期温湿度数据评估方法,能够为下一步的馆藏环境调控治理提供依据,有助于针对性的改善博物馆文物保存环境。     

Timing the Neolithic transition: the application of fluoride dating at Tell Halula,Syria

The study of Near Eastern Neolithic villages provides a unique means of tracing subsistence strategy, population growth, health, and emerging social inequality associated with agricultural origins. However, disentangling these patterns requires a detailed comprehension of the chronological placement of individual households in the site. In this paper, we present a test to determine the reliability and applicability of the fluoride dating method (a relative dating method) on human dentition of 40 samples from 28 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (or PPNB) burials from the site of Tell Halula, in Syria. This method, applied here for the first time on a Neolithic Near East case study, is an alternative when other dating methods, like radiocarbon dates, do not provide the required temporal resolution to address particular research problems. Nonetheless, the results obtained in the fluoride analysis show how both the age at death of individuals, and the integrity of the burial plug enormously affect the amount of fluoride absorbed by teeth, so that only a small subset of the full dataset was suitable for fluoride dating. Although the distribution of fluoride values of dentine from the small sample of burials from suitable contexts matches the expected chronology, and corroborates the hypothesis that the occupation at Halula extends from the Middle to the Late PPNB, our analysis illustrates the need for a better understanding of the different sources of error in fluoride dating to improve the method itself, and to obtain more reliable fluoride chronologies.     

在SO2存在下青铜腐蚀与相对湿度的关系

采用光度法和亚硫酸氢钢静态分解法研究了不同相对湿度0．1％SO2存在条件下,仿古铜-锡-铝合金的腐蚀情况。在无可溶性氯离子存在下,青铜腐蚀的第一和第二临界相对湿度值分别为50％和65％左右;在有可溶性氯离子存在下,其两个临界相对湿度值均有所降低。从而给出了青铜保存的最佳湿度范围。     

Petrographic and geochemical characterization of chert artifacts from Middle,Upper, and Epi-Paleolithic assemblages in the Jebel Qalkha area,southern Jordan

This study conducted petrographic and geochemical analyses of chert artifacts from the Late Middle Paleolithic, the Initial Upper Paleolithic, the Early Upper Paleolithic, and the Epi-Paleolithic assemblages in the Jebel Qalkha area, southern Jordan, to examine their correlations with the visual attributes and diachronic variability. The results revealed two different aspects of the petrographic and geochemical signatures. The first aspect showed some correlations with the visual chert types that were characterized by the abundance/preservation of fossils, the enrichment of several elements (i.e., Ca, Sr, and Ba), and the quartz crystallite size. The second aspect of geochemical signatures, such as Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Co, showed no correlation with the visual types but was correlated with the chrono-cultural groups. Given the chert occurrences and variability in and around the study area, the first aspect of the chert variability likely represents the variations of different chert outcrops as well as the internal variations within the same sources. Whether the second aspect represents chrono-cultural changes in the use of chert sources needs to be clarified in future by our ongoing examination of geological chert samples in the study area.     

甘肃出土糟朽木器材质鉴定及特征分析

甘肃木器是反映河西走廊古丝绸之路文化、历史和社会重要的珍贵遗产。武威、高台作为甘肃木器重要的发现地,出土器物不仅类型、风格迥异,而且器物材质形态、结构特征明显,属于典型的糟朽木器类型。研究工作从木材学的角度出发,应用生物切片技术,对出土器物材质树种、特征及特性进行了科学鉴定和剖析。鉴定结果表明,树种类型有:①云杉;②冷杉;③圆柏;④落叶松;⑤胡杨;⑥榆树;⑦香椿;同时采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析技术对糟朽木质纤维显微形态、结构进行了观察和分析,分析结果表明:出土糟朽木器木质结构已发生降解、腐变,其材质形态特征及特性会随着后期保存环境及其因素的影响、腐蚀而频繁变化或骤变。最后,分析工作对糟朽木器纤维素结晶度、降解度等相关物理参数进行了实验测定。测定结果表明:出土实物纤维素结晶度约为58%,而纤维降解度达到40%以上。综合以上鉴定结果和实验数据,得出以下结论:①甘肃木器制作材质涉及的树种种类较多,基本以云杉材为主,而青海云杉在祁连山林区分布广泛,为其制作用材提供了丰富的天然材料;②材质糟朽及纤维严重降解是甘肃木器重要的材质特征,表现为纤维(纤维素、半纤维素)含量降低呈现木素含量升高,而木素含量的相对增大,则是导致材质颜色变深的重要原因;③受糟朽器物自身含水率的变化、影响,其材质特征具有脆弱性和不稳定性,而且改变、变化过程通常具有滞后性,导致结果往往是致命的;④纤维素结晶度和纤维降解度是衡量和评估糟朽木器材质健康状况重要的物理参数,二者之间存在关联关系。本研究结果可为糟朽木器形态与结构研究提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

Demographic Change,Differential Ageing,and Public Policy in Rural and Regional Australia: A Three‐State Case Study

This paper takes a differential demographic change in six rural settlement categories within rural and regional Australia as the starting point for the measurement of differential ageing using a Relative Ageing Index which compares ageing in sub‐populations with the national norm. The spatial units employed are 412 rural communities, approximated by social catchments each consisting of a country town and its surrounding dispersed population. The study covers the period from 1981 to 2006 and includes the rural areas of New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, excluding major cities, peri‐urban areas, and the remote rangelands. It examines demographic change and differential ageing in a selection of the rural settlement categories recommended for further analysis in the report of the ‘Demographic Change and Liveability Panel’, one of three advisory panels established in 2010 by the then Commonwealth Government seeking to develop a sustainable population strategy for Australia. Ageing profiles are produced for the whole study area, for the individual rural settlement categories, and for the urban and rural components within each category separately. Results show that differential ageing is least advanced in the ‘regional cities’, most advanced in the ‘sea change’, but of most concern in the agriculture‐based rural settlement categories where it exacerbates the effects of overall population decline. In all categories, ageing in the dispersed rural population element exceeded that of the urban component. Results emphasise the vital role of the ‘regional cities’ category in future public policy development supported by ameliorative and collaborative measures for their surrounding agriculture‐based communities.     

关于铅丹变色的研究

对采用传统壁画制作工艺、传统材料制作的文物模拟样品,在特定体系下进行光辐射老化。定期测量其表层颜料的色度值,并通过x-射线衍射分析进一步探讨铅丹的变色机理,为彩绘文物分析和保护提供科学依据。