从《华阳国志》看常璩的史学思想

《华阳国志》是我国现存最早的地方志,它不仅记载有从远古至东晋穆帝永和三年(347)今西南以及陕甘鄂部分地区古代史地、人物的丰富内容,而且在书中高扬起了“大一统”、“民本”、“旌昭仁贤”等旗帜。这源于作者东晋时著名史家常璩高远深邃的史识。常璩不仅在书中高扬“大一统”思想,而且还身体力行,为促使国家统一,作出了实际贡献;又在门第森严之际,倡扬“以民为本”,呼吁“选贤任能”。这些无疑超越了时代的拘囿。《华阳国志》正是融汇了中华民族“大一统”的精神,蕴涵了中华民族“民生民本”、“选贤任能”的传统,而发出流光溢彩。     

Wine and olive oil permeation in pitched and non-pitched ceramics: relation with results from archaeological amphorae from Sagalassos,Turkey

Pitch compounds are frequently identified inside archaeological ceramic vessels. As their presence might affect the permeation of oil or wine into the ceramic fabric, experiments were conducted in which the diffusion of lipids or polyphenols into pitched and non-pitched modern vessels was followed by chemical analysis. Results show that the polyphenols of wine can intrude into the ceramics even through a pitch layer. Consequently, the absence of polyphenols in archaeological sherds is not due to their inability to reach the ceramic matrix under the pitch layer. By contrast, a pitch layer is quite effective to avoid oil intrusion into the ceramic matrix. Thus, it seems logical that oil amphorae would have been coated with pitch at the inside prior to use. Experiments in which the pitched ceramic was simultaneously exposed to oil and wine, show that the wine makes the pitch more permeable for the lipid compounds. These experimental data are confronted with residue analysis results obtained on amphorae fragments excavated in Sagalassos, Turkey. Pitch and oil were frequently found together. Based on a polyphenol test, indications for wine storage could only be obtained for two vessels. Against this background, the possible uses of the Sagalassos amphorae are discussed, and the traditional association of pine pitch with wine storage in archaeological amphorae is critically assessed.     

Aspects of ancient Greek trade re-evaluated with amphora DNA evidence

Ancient DNA trapped in the matrices of ceramic transport jars from Mediterranean shipwrecks can reveal the goods traded in the earliest markets. Scholars generally assume that the amphora cargoes of 5th-3rd century B.C. Greek shipwrecks contained wine, or to a much lesser extent olive oil. Remnant DNA inside empty amphoras allows us to test that assumption. We show that short ∼100 nucleotides of ancient DNA can be isolated and analyzed from inside the empty jars from either small amounts of physical scrapings or material captured with non-destructive swabs. Our study material is previously inaccessible Classical/Hellenistic Greek shipwreck amphoras archived at the Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities in Athens, Greece. Collected DNA samples reveal various combinations of olive, grape, Lamiaceae herbs (mint, rosemary, thyme, oregano, sage), juniper, and terebinth/mastic (genus Pistacia). General DNA targeting analyses also reveal the presence of pine (Pinus), and DNA from Fabaceae (Legume family); Zingiberaceae (Ginger family); and Juglandaceae (Walnut family). Our results demonstrate that amphoras were much more than wine containers. DNA shows that these transport jars contained a wide range of goods, bringing into question long-standing assumptions about amphora use in ancient Greece. Ancient DNA investigations open new research avenues, and will allow accurate reconstruction of ancient diet, medicinal compounds, value-added products, goods brought to market, and food preservation methods.     

Persistence of the cultural landscape in Campania (Southern Italy) before the AD 472 Vesuvius eruption: archaeoenvironmental data

Cultural landscapes were prominent during the Early Roman period when agronomic knowledge allowed the spread of intensive land exploitation in most of the available land. The aim of this contribution is to explore whether for the Campania region (Southern Italy) archaeoenvironmental data would support continuity or change in the cultural landscape of Roman tradition in the 4th and 5th centuries. To do so, new data from two sites located on the northern slopes of the Vesuvius, both buried by the AD 472 eruption have been investigated. Charcoal analysis, ¹⁴C dating, and chemical analysis of organic residues were carried out in order to study the landscape and the food production at these sites. The results suggest the persistence of the Roman cultural landscape until the 4th and 5th centuries in this area. The landscape is in fact strongly marked both in agriculture and woodland exploitation and management, being characterized by managed chestnut forests as well as valuable cultivations of walnut, large vineyards, olive groves, and probably orchards and crops. The integrated approach with archaeobotanical and archaeometric analyses proves to be a powerful method for the study of the past landscapes, providing a good insight into the environment. Furthermore, this study provided the most ancient evidence of chestnut silviculture for wood.     

论民间俗曲对元曲艺术的渗透与影响

通过疏理讶鼓、叫声、耍曲、鼓板、唱赚、诸宫调等民间艺术的流变,着重探讨民间俗曲对元曲艺术的渗透与影响,分析元曲与民间俗曲传统艺术形式的密切关系,考证元曲曲调及曲体多方面的源头谱系。认为元曲同时受到大小传统文化的影响,是文人词曲与各种流行俗乐相互碰撞,相互渗透,相互交融的产物。     

Identifying wine markers in ceramics and plasters using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Experimental and archaeological materials

The identification of the organic residues preserved in archaeological materials yields good insights into understanding food production, trade and consumption. Wine is one of the most important beverages produced, traded and consumed in the Mediterranean area. Consequently, it is important to identify its presence in ancient materials. Nevertheless, the identification of wine markers is still an object of discussion. We present here the results obtained from analysing different materials using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which allowed for the identification of tartaric acid and other markers of wine. The method was first tested on experimental and traditional materials that have been used until recently to store and/or produce wine and was then used for investigating archaeological materials. The experiments also involved the degradation of wine through cooking, drastic heating and burial for seven years. The results from the analysis of ceramic and plaster materials are discussed.     

凭石说戏以玉乐友——罕见的玉玩精品《昆曲暗戏》

南京博物院所藏清代玉质"昆曲暗戏"涉及三十四折昆曲曲目,用料珍贵、工艺考究,为了解"昆曲暗戏"提供了珍贵的第一手资料。     

巴东县张家坟墓群M1“元和四年刻石”考释

2003年底,湖北省恩施自治州博物馆考古队对巴东县张家坟墓群进行发掘,发现古墓3座,其中M1墓道出土有一块石板,上刻有136字,内容十分重要。《巴东县张家坟墓群2003年发掘简报》(下称《简报》)进行了介绍并录有释文[1]。《中国书法》2010年第4期刊有该刻石彩色照片,并附有陆     

误会与想象--透过对“铜雀瓦砚”的认识谈艺术品的塑造

清乾隆朝所修《西清砚谱》卷一中收录的几方"铜雀瓦砚",当时被认定为汉砚,备受重视。本文通过近年来邺城地区考古发现的瓦作遗存,判定这几方瓦砚并非汉砚。铜雀瓦砚在宋代即受到追捧,而实际上,"铜雀瓦砚"并非东汉晚期的铜雀台瓦,是使用东魏北齐时期压磨黑光瓦件所制。在这一结论基础上,作者透过"铜雀瓦砚"的诞生,分析了某些艺术品的塑造,不单纯只是匠人的创作,还夹杂着历史、想象与物质的复杂互动。     

瞿佑《资治通鉴纲目集览镌误》考述

文章首次披露了瞿佑鲜为人知的《资治通鉴纲目集览镌误》一书的内容与价值。该书的重现,不仅可以进一步探究瞿佑的治学思想与学术视野,还可以窥见瞿佑狱中心态。该书的辗转收藏,也见证了江南私人藏书的兴衰。