Pest,Stadt, Wissenschaft — Wechselwirkungen in oberitalienischen Städten vom 14. bis 17. Jahrhundert

After the Black Death of 1348 the Plague was not only the cause of personal disasters and individual despair, but was also of political and social significance. Each outbreak of the epidemic implied a crisis for the community with crucial consequences for trade, jurisdiction, administration, executive powers and for food supply. The faith in authority by the leading university medics was tragic, as they subscribed to the hippocratic-galenical humoral pathology and to the miasmatic theory. On the other hand, municipal authorities, from the 14th century onwards responded to the epidemic in a pragmatic manner, isolating the sick, carrying out checks, imposing trade embargos and special epidemic laws. From the 15th century onwards people were also put under quarantine. The medics' role, their relationship with the government and their tendency to play down the diagnosis will be discussed at length, together with the questionable tradition of the Regimina pestis.     

Wissenstransfer auf dem Prüfstand. Europäische Mediziner im Kampf gegen die Pest von Moskau 1771

Foreign knowledge being tested: European physicians fighting the Moscow plague of 1771. – The transfer of Western medicine to Russia increased significantly in the Eighteenth century. Foreign doctors were employed, their writings translated, their education standards copied. But who regarded that knowledge as superior and why? Taking the Moscow Plague of 1771 as a case study, this article examines the crucial role foreign and Russian medical practitioners played during the epidemic. It argues that especially those ideas and practices that were useful for social control filtered into politics and public discourse, but failed to convince the majority of the population.     

Der Kampf gegen den „Schwarzen Tod”︁. Quarantäne und Epidemiebekämpfung der frühen Neuzeit im Mittelmeer aufgezeigt am Beispiel Maltas

During early modern period Mediterranean people feared epidemics far more than war and other destructive activities. Where epidemics, especially the plague, struck, all communications broke down and trade just withered away. With the coming of the Knights of St. John in 1530 the Maltese Islands became increasingly important as an international boarding place in the very center of the Mediterranean. Soon the maritime development of the Order's State was enhanced by the high regard in which the Maltese Quarantine System was held by European countries in the 17th and 18th century. The aetiology of plague was then unknown and the restrictive measures adopted by the Maltese Quarantine System too were in accordance with the approved epidemiological practices and theories of the time. This article tries to single out the importance of the Maltese Quarantine as a kind of medical “shield” for the southern European countries.     

文物库房的虫害治理

仓库害虫是有机质地物的大致,做好害虫防治工作对于有机质地物保护具有重要的意义。本针对物库房中虫害隐患的现状,分析了隐患产生的原因,提出了预防虫害的措施,并对物保护领域常用的数种杀虫方法作了介绍。     

1940年桂林版《救亡日报》的保护修复

为了研究纸质文物的保存状况、原料成分、制作工艺及病害原因,特对1940年桂林版《救亡日报》进行科学的分析检测及保护修复。采用Nicolet 8700型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析纸张纤维的官能团结构,采用XWY-Ⅵ型纤维测量仪对纸张纤维进行观察,以鉴定其纤维的种类形态;采用VHX-1000E视频显微镜及场发射扫描电子显微镜(JSM-6700F型)对纸张样品的加工工艺及老化程度和污染物进行分析,以确定其是否加填或施胶处理。在此基础上,在修复中采用传统的装裱技术和丝网加固技术相结合,对此件文物进行保护性修复。修复后的文物解决了缺失部分的配补,皱褶部位得以平整舒展,病害得以清除,纸张的强度得以增强,恢复了文物的原貌,从而提高了文物的整体性、观赏性,为展出、研究提供了更好的史料。     

西藏博物馆藏品虫害调研与防治

西藏博物馆馆藏文物丰富、特色浓郁,但由于历史条件等原因,文物虫害一直存在并产生危害。为制定虫害治理方案,本工作从害虫检测入手,对西藏博物馆的害虫进行检测分析,阐述了文物保护工作中虫害预防治理的重要性,并就虫害的危害特性、种群特性以及预防治理的必要性和紧迫性进行论述。根据西藏博物馆的现状,分别针对库存文物和展览文物的环境特点和虫害情况制定虫害治理方案,并选择虫害较严重的库、馆进行了实验性治理,对库存文物及环境在所有文物原地不动的前提下进行了整体熏蒸防治,对展馆环境及展存文物进行了整体的消杀防治,均取得了预期的满意效果。通过实验治理的操作过程和效果体验,认识到化学防治的安全、快捷、高效、简便和实用,同时结合多年的文保工作经验,提出了对馆藏文物保护的一些建议。