北大藏秦水陆里程简“阳”县考辨

北京大学入藏的秦代水陆里程简册中记载秦代有"阳"县存在,关于这一新出现的秦县,前辈学者认为可能是位于今河南省方城县的秦汉"阳城"。然而,从简册中记载的"阳"县下属各乡到其他地区的距离来看,"阳县"不太可能在今方城附近,而更有可能是位于先秦"唐"国故地的"唐"县。其他出土材料所见的"唐"县一般写作"阳",清华简《系年》中还有楚国曾灭"唐(阳)"置县的明确记载。秦代的阳县应该就是继承了楚灭唐国之后所设的阳县。     

A Response to Fabiano Santos and Fernando Guarnieri*

This article responds to Fabiano Santos and Fernando Guarnieri's dispatch, published under the title “From Protest to Parliamentary Coup: An Overview of Brazil's Recent History” in the December 2016 issue of JLACS. I start by pointing out several errors in the authors' use of terms such as “fascism” and “coup.” I proceed to map out the omissions that allow them to portray Rousseff's impeachment in a moral and Manichean light, as a coup of malignant social actors against innocent victims. I then reconstruct the chronology of Rousseff's long-winded downward spiral of self-inflicted agony, from the electoral larceny of October 2014 through the gigantic popular protests of March 2015 to the final vote in August 2016, showing how the authors chose to omit every fact that revealed Rousseff's and the Workers' Party's own responsibilities in the economic collapse and the political crisis of the country they governed for five and a half and thirteen and a half years, respectively. I conclude by pointing out the contradiction between the authors' claim that there was a parliamentary coup in Brazil and their claim that the country's political system has remained intact.     

北洋政府的侨资政策及其评价

民国北洋政府时期是华侨回国投资兴办实业蓬勃发展的阶段。这与海外华侨资本的迅猛增强密切相关 ,同时也与这一时期积极的工商政策与侨资政策有着直接的联系。北洋政府的侨资政策不仅继承了晚清积极引进侨资的政策 ,而且有所发展 ,有所创新 ,并收到了一定的成效     

中研院史语所与北大史学系的学术关系

国立中央研究院历史语言研究所和国立北京大学史学系,是现代中国史学发展史上两个极重要的学术阵地。从20世纪30年代开始,两者建立起紧密的学术关系。以傅斯年为首的史语所研究人员不仅纷纷到北大史学系兼课,而且通过对北大史学系课程进行改造,使两者在学术精神上达到一致。其结果是,一批深受史语所学术精神影响的“尖子生”被培养出来,并被选入史语所工作。北大史学系某种程度上成了史语所的人才库。另一方面,史语所的学术精神,也通过北大史学系对现代中国史学发展发生着持久性的影响。     

严复的教育生涯

1880年起,严复总办北洋水师学堂凡20年,培养了一大批海军人才,为中国海军的近代化作出了贡献。1906-1912年间,严复还先后出任安徽高等学堂、复旦公学、北京大学等校校长,对旧式教育体系进行改革,按自己的思想主张组织教学和管理,为这三所学校以至中国近代教育的发展作出了重要贡献。严复的办学经历,反映了近代中国社会关系的复杂及教育救国之路的艰难与曲折。     

1927-1937年中国的学术研究

1927-1937年是中国近代学术研究发展较快的十年,出现了中央研究院、北平研究院及中国西部科学院等一批近代意义上的科研机构,各高校学术研究水平也有较大进展.这一时期的学术发展,对此后学术格局有着重要的影响.     

Revolutionary versus Reactionary: Contrasting Portuguese and Spanish Civil-Military Relations during Democratisation

The military is an important factor for the success or failure of democratisation processes. Portugal and Spain provide two paradigmatic cases. Despite their socio-economic, political and cultural similarities, these countries developed very different civil-military relations which significantly impacted their transitions. After having handed power over to a civilian dictator, Salazar, the Portuguese military eventually caused the downfall of his authoritarian Estado Novo regime and steered the transition to democracy. In contrast, the Spanish military, which had helped Franco defeat the Second Republic, remained loyal to the dictator’s principles and, after his death, obstructed the democratisation process. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, this interdisciplinary article contrasts the challenges posed by the military and the policies implemented by the Iberian governments to depoliticise and control it. It shows that the failed coups d’état in these countries helped tighten civilian control and paved the way for democratic consolidation. Using a policy instruments comparative framework, this paper demonstrates that not only the attitudes of the military but also the tools used to keep them under control were substantially different in Portugal and Spain. Historical legacies from the Spanish Civil War, Second World War and Colonial conflicts, as well as contextual factors, serve to explain this variation.     

From Berlin to Beijing

In late 1900, while foreign troops occupied Beijing in the wake of the Boxer Rebellion, alarming news reached the German government from China: High-quality works of art were on sale in Beijing and would soon be displayed in museums in London and Paris without having a comparable display in Berlin. The Ethnological Museum in Berlin immediately sent the Orientalist Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Müller (1863–1930) as an envoy to Beijing to buy works of art. Müller was in Beijing between 6 April and 13 September 1901. This article contains a partially annotated translation of Müller’s report, including his packing lists of 117 crates he sent to Berlin in 1901. The original German text is included as an addendum.     

北京大学藏简牍编绳的显微分析

编绳是简牍文物的重要组成部分,但由于其易于降解,在出土时多已腐朽甚至不存,故而通常不被重视,在文献中迄今亦未见到相关科学分析。北京大学收藏的西汉及秦代简牍中尚留存有编绳残段。为了从科学的角度了解其材质以及劣变状况,并为简牍研究及保护提供参考资料,本研究综合使用形貌、偏光、组织化学等显微分析手段,对这两批编绳样品进行了种属鉴定及成分分析。结果表明,两批编绳样品性质基本一致:其质料均为苎麻,其中纤维素,半纤维素及果胶质已无法检出,木质素和脂蜡质残留,但木质素中的醛基已发生改变。此外,秦简编绳中含有寄生虫卵,可能归属于华支睾吸虫,这符合于当时的流行病学资料以及葬制。