关于辽墓"出行图"的考证

本文对近年发现的辽墓"出行图"壁画进行了分析.以为可分为两类,分别代表了辽国诸王和贵族以及汉官贵族的出行.这两类形制不仅在分布地域上有别,而且表现形式也各有千秋.     

中国女真族的领土意识初探

早在女真族初步形成之时,居住于朝鲜半岛北部的西女真和东女真就将家园视为中国之内的封境。高丽北进,女真则失去了大片土地。辽朝末年,为保卫家园,女真人在曷懒甸(今咸兴平原)大败高丽军。在朝鲜王朝占领半岛东北部以后,女真首领王可仁、佟景再三提醒明成祖,朝鲜所占之地乃是女真人的旧土,但由于彼时明朝君臣对该地历史的不确知,十处女真居地被送与朝鲜。     

英国贵族阶级属性和等级制的演变

在一千多年的历史中 ,就阶级属性而言 ,英国先后出现了原始部落军事贵族、封建贵族、资本主义土地贵族、工商业资产阶级贵族和中产阶级“工党贵族”;而贵族等级制和名号的变化则主要有五次 :先后在盎格鲁 -撒克逊时期、诺曼征服之后、1 4— 1 5世纪、1 7世纪初和 1 958年。     

Identity and socio-economic mobility in Venetian Crete: the evolution of a citizen family (sixteenth century)

This study focuses on the socio-economic dynamics in Crete under Venetian rule, particularly in the sixteenth century, a critical period for the power of the Republic of Venice in the eastern Mediterranean. There is an attempt to approach these processes by examining the evolution of a Cretan family named Episcopopulo, which originated from the middle social stratum, the so-called cittadini (citizens). The essay tries, after outlining the socio-political characteristics of the intermediate social group, to illuminate aspects of the history of this family, who strove to find its way in an environment marked by fermentations and changes in the political, financial, ideological and social field. The study, among other things, examines the various professional activities of the family members and the practices they utilized to achieve a decisive improvement in their financial status. It also highlights the strategies they employed to their rise in the social hierarchy, as well as their persistent efforts, after acquiring a title of nobility, to retain and increase their wealth and to enhance their role in the public sphere.     

金代兴学与教育发展

金代建国之初,文化教育较为落后。经过几位君王的努力和两次大规模的兴学,到金代中后期,探索出多民族国家发展教育的新途径,汉、女真两套学校教育系统建立并完备起来。金代的教育发展取得了显著的成效,也颇具特色。其成功的经验得到了当时文人和后世学者的肯定。     

近代早期法国贵族附庸关系初探

近代早期法国贵族间的附庸关系与中世纪的封臣制不同,它是以血缘和亲族关系构建起来的依附性网络,婚姻联盟则进一步加强了这种关系。然而,在法国宗教战争和福隆德运动的危机时期,贵族附庸关系受到政治势力、宗教信仰、双方政见、个人利益等多重因素的影响与挑战,其稳定性不断削弱,王权则在此时乘机渗透到贵族附庸关系中,为后来中央集权、绝对君主制的兴起奠定了基础。     

文化边缘地区与边缘文化——明代女真地区文化特征探析

农耕化的核心地区是中原地区,渔猎化的核心地区是女真族居住区,两种化都由核心区域向外辐射其影响。其碰撞、融合,形成了以这两种化为基础的边缘化。明代辽东和女真地区就是其边缘化区。这种边缘化具有汉化和女真化的共同特征,比较适应该地区的环境,逐步发展成具有多元特征的、明代女真地区特有的化类型。